Combining Drugs (Polydrug user)

Polydrug use refers to combination of more than one substance (psychoactive drugs) to achieve some particular effect. One drug is used as a primary drug with additional drugs to compensate for the side effects of the primary drug and/or make the experience more enjoyable with drug simulating effects or to supplement for primary drug when supply is low.

Drug abusers have historically tended to abuse more than one drug. However, over the last few years there has been an increasing tendency to combine narcotics, alcohol, sedatives, and/or stimulants. Polydrug use encompasses wide variations in user populations and patterns of use: from occasional alcohol and cannabis use to the daily use of combinations of heroin, cocaine, alcohol and benzodiazepines



Why do people use multiple drugs?

There are a lot of different reasons for mixing one substance with other drugs at one time. Substances, which when taken together may have cumulative or complementary effects, may be mixed to increase the overall psychoactive experience. Sometimes one drug is used with other to counteract the effect of first consumed substance, say for example, benzodiazepines (sleeping pills) is taken after consuming some stimulant to induce sleep (without being aware that using these drugs together is hazardous.). Other reasons includes, use of several substances by an individual over a longer period of time might reflect the replacement of one drug by another, due to changes in availability of drugs in particular region, legal problems, price or current trends. For instance, methadone substituting heroin, cocaine replacing ecstasy. Use of 2 or 3 drugs at a time also shows that in different settings (like age groups, type of party etc), or simply reflect regular multiple drug use due to drug dependence. Cannabis (bhang) use mainly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood, ecstasy can be associated with certain lifestyles and activities, and heroin use frequently results in major health problems. Intensive alcohol use is often a major, but overlooked, component of polydrug use. For example, stimulant drugs such as cocaine may enable users to consume large quantities of alcohol over longer periods than would otherwise be possible.

This has become particularly apparent in recent years, as increasing prevalence levels of drug use (e.g. alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) have translated into additional populations of drug users, and as an increasing range of available substances has resulted in additional drug combination possibilities.

Simultaneous/combinations tend to increase the risks of adverse health effects. Such effects can occur (generally as acute toxicity) shortly after the consumption of several substances, or within a short time. They can also occur following a long period of use, affecting body systems, including the liver and the central nervous, cardiovascular or respiratory systems.

Many drugs taken together have the potential to interact with one another to produce greater effects than either substance taken alone. The combination of drugs may produce a new or unexpected effect. For example, alcohol, opioid analgesics (like morphine, fortwin) and benzodiazepines (like alprazolam, diazepam) are all depressant drugs. When taken alone, they can cause relaxation, loss of inhibition, loss of coordination and sleepiness. If these depressant drugs are taken at the same time, these effects are increased many folds. These combinations may result in altered mental status, confusion, depressed breathing, injuries from falls, coma and death.

Many other medicines taken for treatment of other diseases like for epilepsy, nausea, allergies common cold, heart problems, blood clotting disorders, fungal, bacterial infections and diabetes when taken with other depressants like alcohol, they can also be dangerous. Combining drugs may also seriously impair a person’s ability to operate a motor vehicle or other machinery.

Medical interventions: It is not possible to arrive at a single definition of polydrug use, which would be necessary to develop standardized measures. Understanding polydrug use also requires a focus on the use of a range of drugs by the individual; but most drug monitoring information remains substance-specific and reported as aggregated national data.

18-month course in modern (emergency) medicine for AYUSH practitioners

Bengaluru: The state health and family welfare department has recommended Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS) to start an 18-month course in modern (emergency) medicine for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH) practitioners to practice allopathy.

The department is also looking at roping in more private medical universities for this course. “We have requested other private medical universities too for the same 18-month course in modern (emergency) medicine,” said Madan Gopal, principal secretary, Karnataka Health and Family Welfare Department.

Following the shortage of doctors, people residing in rural areas do not have access to proper healthcare facility. Hence if AYUSH practitioners are legally allowed to take up integrated practice, then it will help improve the primary healthcare system in the state, Gopal added. [Source: Deccan Chronicle]
WHOLE MEDICAL COMMUNITY OF MODERN MEDICINE SHOULD OPPOSE IT AS IT IS AGAINST SUPREME COURT RULING THAT NO PRACTITIONER CAN PRACTICE ANOTHER SYSTEM OF MEDICINES AS MEDICINES DIFFER A LOT AND WHOLE CURICULUM IS DIFFERENT A PERSON DOING PRACTICE OF ANOTHER SYSTEM IS CALLED "QUACK"
BUT OUR POLITICIANS EARNES CRORES IN THERI PRIVATE MEDICAL COLLEGES BY ADDING SUCH COURSE SOTHAT THEY WILL GET FEE IN CRORES BY TAKING SHORTAGE OF DOCTORS IN INDIA,IT IS BETTER TO MAKE EVERY COMMON MAN A DOCTOR GIVE SUCH TRAING AND GIVE LICENSE TO PRACTICE MODERN MEDICINES ,THEY WILL EARN IN BILLIONS WHAT TO TALK OF MILLIONS AND EVEN SHORTAGE OF DOCTORS WILL VANISH.
IT SHOULD BE BANNED AS THIS WILL PRODUCE QUACKS AND WILL KILL OUR COMON PEOPLE,OUR POLITICIANS SHOULD UNERSTAND IT,FOR THEIR TREATMENT THEY WILL GO TO HIGHEST CENTRE IN INDIA OR ABROAD AND WILL LIVE POOR PERSONS TO BE TREATED BY THESE QUACKS,DOBLE STANDARD BEST FOR OWN FAMILY AND WORST FOR POOR PEOPLE . — with Shreya Nakipuria and 2 others.

CYTOSORB ,A NEW FILTER OF SEPSIS OR GROSS AND SEVERE INFECTION INVENTED AND MANUFACTURED IN INDIA: A GOOD HELP FOR SERIOUS PATIENTS

Bengaluru: India’s biotechnology major Biocon and US-based CytoSorbents on Friday announced that they have entered into a strategic partnership to start CytoSorb, a novel therapy for the management of sepsis.CytoSorb is a safe and effective extracorporeal cytokine filter, designed to target the prevention or treatment of organ failure, which is the cause of nearly half of all deaths in the intensive care unit.If left unchecked, ‘cytokine storm’ caused by excessive cytokine production can cause massive inflammation, organ failure and death in common life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, burn injury, trauma, lung injury ,multiple system organ failure ,crtically ill immunocompromised patients of TB,CANCER,IABETES AND HIV. Along with good ctical caring Antibiotics ,CytoSorb is a ‘first-in-class’ therapy that can provide an effective solution to physicians to treat critically ill patients suffering from sepsis.

Rakesh Bamzai, president marketing, Biocon, said, “CytoSorb is a safe and well-tolerated innovative therapy for managing cytokine storm in critically ill patients. Very high levels of cytokines are known to cause multiple organ failure, which is often life threatening. Through CytoSorb, we offer a promising treatment option to high risk patients in their fight against sepsis and other critical illnesses.”

Unlike any other previous approach, CytoSorb attacks sepsis from multiple angles — reducing cytokine storm, reducing many deadly bacterial toxins, and directing immune cells to target the infection while avoiding damage to otherwise healthy organs. When combined with Biocon’s critical care antibiotics, it is an ideal broad spectrum strategy to fight sepsis.

Severe sepsis and septic shock are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a leading cause of death in non-coronary ICUs and the 11th leading cause of death overall. Over a third of patients who develop sepsis die globally, even though the best standard of care is available.

In India, more than one million estimated new cases of severe sepsis are treated in the Indian ICUs each year, accounting for one out of every four patients in the ICU. According to a recent nationwide study of Indian Intensive Care Case Mix and Practice Patterns (INDICAPS) involving over 124 ICUs across 17 states in India, mortality was found to be as high as 46 per cent in patients with septic shock and 42.2 per cent overall in septic patients, compared with 17.8 per cent mortality for ICU patients who did not develop sepsis.
— with Shreya Nakipuria and 2 others.




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Infertility problems are increasing day by day and it is very common today.It is estimated that as many as one in six couples may experience difficulties in conceiving.It is advisable to seek specialist help if you have not been successful despite trying for 12 months.Sometimes it may be better to act sooner (for example if there is a pre-existing problem such as irregular/absent periods). Infertility problems in women may be the result of blocked tubes,ovulation disorders,STDs,or age.

Abnormalities of the hormones that control the menstrual cycle and/or abnormalities of the uterus itself can lead to absent,frequent or irregular menstrual periods.In order to successfully diagnose the cause of the abnormal menstrual periods,several tests may be suggested.Irregular periods are a common condition in women and can be caused by many things.Most of the time the irregular periods are related to a condition called “anovulation�.This is a medical term for an imbalance between the hormones of the pituitary gland, the ovaries and the hypothalamus.

Menstrual cycle disorders can cause a woman's periods to be absent or infrequent.Although some women do not mind missing their menstrual period,these changes should always be discussed with the doctor because they can signal underlying medical conditions and potentially have long-term health consequences.A woman who misses more than three menstrual periods (either consecutively or over the course of a year) should see either the doctor or the gyneacologist.

Amenorrhea or Missed Periods
The term amenorrhea is used by doctors to describe the absence of menstruation.Primary amenorrhea (in which a woman does not begin menstruating) is very rare,while secondary amenorrhea (when menstrual periods are absent for more than three to six months in a woman who previously had periods) is much more common.

Oligomenorrhea or Infrequent or Irregular Periods
Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent menstrual periods (fewer than six to eight periods per year).

The causes,evaluation,and treatment of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea are similar.

CAUSES OF IRREGULAR PERIODS

Menstrual cycle disorders can result from conditions that affect the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, uterus, cervix, or vagina.

Primary amenorrhea--The most common causes includes

1) Conditions that are present at birth, but may not be noticed until puberty. These conditions include genetic or chromosomal abnormalities and abnormalities of the reproductive organs (eg, if the uterus is not present or developed abnormally).

2) All of the conditions that lead to secondary amenorrhea can also cause primary amenorrhea.

Secondary amenorrhea-- Pregnancy is the most common of secondary amenorrhea. Other common causes include the following:

1} Ovarian conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian failure (early menopause).

2) Hypothalamic amenorrhea. This occurs when the hypothalamus slows or stops releasing GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), a hormone that influences when a woman has a menstrual period.

3) Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors are another common cause of secondary amenorrhea.

Oligomenorrhea â€" Many of the conditions that cause primary or secondary amenorrhea can also cause a woman to ovulate irregularly (oligomenorrhea). However, most women who develop infrequent periods have polycystic ovary syndrome.

EVALUATION OF IRREGULAR PERIODS

The evaluation of amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea includes a complete medical history and physical examination.

The womans personal and medical history reveals the clues about the cause of amenorrhea.Any problems during infancy or childhood,the date of first period and its frequency and the history of irregular menstrual periods should all be accounted for.Physical examination includes the examination of the face, neck,breasts, and abdomen. A pelvic examination will also be performed.Because pregnancy is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea, a pregnancy test is usually recommended for women whose menstrual periods have stopped. Blood tests to measure hormone levels is also recommended.

TREATMENT OF IRREGULAR PERIODS

The goal of the treatment is to correct the underlying condition. For a woman who is trying to become pregnant,restoring fertility may be another goal.

Polycystic ovary syndrome â€" Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic condition that causes infrequent periods and an excess of androgens (male hormones).PCOS treatment is recommended to reestablish normal menstrual cycles and prevent long-term complications.For women with PCOS who want to become pregnant,hormone pills or injections are often needed to help women ovulate.Ovulation occurs in almost all women with PCOS who use gonadotropin therapy;approximately 60 percent of these women become pregnant.

Hypothalamic amenorrhea â€" Women with hypothalamic amenorrhea are sometimes able to resume normal menstrual periods after making certain lifestyle changes,such as eating a higher-calorie diet, gaining weight,reducing the intensity or frequency of exercise,and reducing emotional stress.Some doctors recommend estrogen and progestin hormone replacement (or a hormonal contraceptive,such as a birth control pill) for women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.These treatments can reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis later in life.

Ovarian failure â€" Normally,a woman stops ovulating around the age of 50;this is called menopause.If a woman stops ovulating before age 40,this is called premature ovarian failure.With most types of ovarian failure,pregnancy can be achieved using injectable fertility medications and donor eggs.

High prolactin â€" Women with amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia can usually have normal menstrual periods and become pregnant when treated with medications under the supervision of the doctors.

Hypothalamic or pituitary conditions â€" Some hypothalamic and pituitary gland conditions that cause amenorrhea,such as a congenital deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), are irreversible.

Endometrial adhesions (Asherman syndrome) â€" The doctor may recommend surgery to remove the scarred tissue, followed by estrogen treatment to stimulate regrowth of the lining.

Anatomic problems â€" Surgery is often an effective treatment if amenorrhea is caused by a blockage in the reproductive tract.

If you've skipped a period,try to relax.Restoring your life to emotional and physical balance can help.Many women miss periods now and then.Unless you are pregnant,chances are your cycle will return to normal next month.

Facing the diagnosis of infertility (the reason for which may or may not be known) is a difficult and complex task.A lack of awareness compounds the anxiety caused from the inability to conceive and the uncertainty about the future.In most cases of female infertility,doctor can do a fertility workup. Through a physical examination and tests,doctors may determine the problem.Then,treatment with medications and/or surgery or high-tech procedures may help you get pregnant.

Good news for people wanting to start family with IVF and moving first step towards the parenthood.No matter what is causing infertility,there are answers.Talk with your fertility specialist.In many cases,planning ahead and preventing female fertility problems early on can help set the stage for a healthy pregnancy.

Know in detail about egg donors,eggs donor,egg donation,Donor eggs,IVF donor egg,egg donors,egg donor compensation,egg donor cost,become egg donor,donor egg success,sperm donor,missed periods,irregular periods,missed period pregnant,irregular menstrual periods,irregular period cycle,reasons missed period from renowned IVF specialists.

Article is for people looking for IVF Fertility infertility specialist and the best affordable quality infertility,fertility treatments.

All Appointments are scheduled according to your convenience at Rotunda Fertility clinic.You can contact them for further assistance at http://www.rotunda.co.in or http://wewantababy.com/index.php/programs/donor-egg-ivf-program.html or http://rotundablue.wordpress.com simply a phone call at +91 22 2655 2000 or +91 22 26405000 or Call them from UK on:44-2080997519,Call them from USA on:1-714-2740122

Enjoying motherhood and to become mother is the desire of almost all women across the world. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is just one of several techniques available to help couples with fertility problems to get pregnant. When you're trying to conceive through in vitro fertilization (IVF) you'll probably hear plenty of ideas about what you can do to boost your chances for success. When you're investing incredible amounts of time, money, and psychological capital into an IVF cycle, it's understandable that you would want to do everything in your power to make it a success.

IVF involves surgically removing an egg from the woman's ovaries and fertilising it with sperm in a laboratory. The fertilized egg, or embryo, is then placed back into the woman's womb to grow and develop into a baby. Many a times surrogate mothers services are used when the mother is not able to carry a child for her own. This process is called as Gestational Surrogacy.

Here in this article an attempt has been made to know the facts that will help one understand what is IVF all about.

1. It was in the United States when IVF was finally conceived in 1981. This medical technique has given hope to millions of couples who wanted to have babies of their own but because of natural circumstances, are unable to do so. However, the first successful procedure was made in England.

2. Today, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is practically a household word. IVF is a method of assisted reproduction in which the man's sperm and the woman's egg (oocyte) are combined in a laboratory dish, where fertilization occurs. The resulting embryo is then transferred to the uterus to develop naturally. Usually, two to four embryos are transferred with each cycle. IVF is a complex and expensive procedure and only about 5% of couples with infertility problems go for it. However, since its introduction in the U.S. in 1981, IVF and other similar techniques have resulted in more than 200,000 babies. IVF is now recognized worldwide as a non-surgical and safest infertility treatment.

3. Any embryos that is not used in first IVF attempt can be frozen for later use. This will save you money if you undergo IVF a second or third time. If you do not want your leftover embryos, you may donate them to another infertile couple, or you and your partner can ask the clinic to destroy the embryos.

4. IVF is option with any of the infertility causes such as Endometriosis, Low sperm counts, Problems with the uterus or fallopian tubes, Problems with ovulation, Antibody problems that harm sperm or eggs, The inability of sperm to penetrate or survive in the cervical mucus and An unexplained fertility problem. Actually, the IVF treatment for infertility has several stages: ovulation induction, egg harvesting, insemination and fertilization, and embryo transfer. In some rare cases, you can also select to undergo preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to check for chromosomal abnormalities.

5. Success rates for IVF depend on a number of factors, including the reason for infertility, where you're having the procedure done, and your age. Success rates decline sharply with age. For every 100 women treated aged 35 and below, 20 will get pregnant; between 36 and 38 around 15 will get pregnant; and at age 39 around 10 will get pregnant. This is because younger women tend to have healthier eggs. The rate of live births has risen from 14% in 1991 to 30% in 2010. Of the 78% of pregnancies as a result of IVF that result in a live birth, about 50% are singletons, 24% are twins and 5% are triplets or more.

6. The quality of the egg in women diminishes with the age. A woman's age is a major factor in the success of IVF for any couple. For instance, a woman who is under age 35 and undergoes IVF has a 39.6% chance of having a baby, while a woman over age 40 has an 11.5% chance. However, recently it has been found that the success rate is increasing in every age group as the techniques are refined and doctors become more experienced.

7. The cost of IVF Treatment will vary depending on where you live, the amount of medications you're required to take, the number of IVF cycles you undergo, and the amount your insurance company will pay toward the procedure. Compared to the UK and USA, IVF treatment is much economical in India, and the quality of the treatment is excellent. This is because doctor’s charge very less as compared to the developed western countries. As per international standards, IVF in India is very cost-effective and more and more foreigners are travelling to India for availing ivf treatment.

8. Stress is an important factor in IVF pregnancy. There is a lot of physical and psychological stress that one goes through in the process. This is an expensive process, thus financial stress also plays a major role.

9. Quality of the clinic and its standards is very important. Poor quality clinic with insufficient infrastructure is less likely to result in successful IVF pregnancies. Skill of the physician and his experience play a major role. The doctor has to be extremely efficient and experienced for conducting the IVF process successfully.

10. If a success is required in an ivf cycle one should avoid alcohol and tobacco, medications, lose weight and maintain BMI, avoid caffeine or control its consumption, follow balanced diet and take folic acid supplements. IVF treatment should be started early as the age plays an important role.

In spite of all the hard work and risks involved in the process, the extraordinary invention of Ivf pregnancy is simply a blessing for people who are unable to conceive through the natural method. If you are below an age of 35 and unable to conceive pregnancy, then you can try IVF for your infertility problem. The cost of IVF is moderate. With IVF, you can give birth to a healthy baby and it is estimated that about 63 percent are single babies, 32 percent are twins and 5% are triplets or more. The in vitro fertilization technique for infertility issue is safe. With IVF, there is less possibility of undergoing surgery. It is also estimated that IVF technique has lessen the rate of surgeries by half.

The end result that an IVF may bring to a couple is very rewarding. In vitro fertilization has no down side. While several complained of fatigue, dizziness and having abdominal cramps, these are only normal and could last for two days at most. Getting enough rest and engaging in less stressful activities can increase the success rate of an in vitro fertilization procedure. In spite of all the hard work and risks involved in the process, the extraordinary invention of Ivf pregnancy is simply a blessing for people who are unable to conceive through the natural method.

For more on IVF treatment options like Infertility Surgery,Operative Laparoscopy,Diagnostic laparoscopy,
Hysteroscopy,Tubal blockage,Endometriosis,Menstrual issues,Problems with ovulation,polycystic ovarian disease when trying to start a family contact the IVF Infertility specialist doctors India, Male infertility,Doctors and specialist in male and female infertility from India.

Contact for Affordable IVF Infertility Surgery,IVF Treatment, Infertility Clinic India,IVF Clinic Mumbai,India,Rotunda Fertility Clinic at Phone: +91 22 26390044 or +91 22 26390088 or at http://www.rotunda.co.in or
http://rotundablue.wordpress.com or http://www.iwannagetpregnant.com or rotunda.fertility@gmail.com