Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment In Ghatkopar
Diabetic retinopathy is a form of eye disease caused by chronically high or variable blood sugar that is associated with diabetes. If left untreated, diabetic retinopathy can lead to vision loss and blindness. The condition develops slowly throughout many years; therefore, it is essential to undergo regular eye tests when you have Diabetes. Retinopathy is basically impaired blood vessels in the retina which is the thin inner light-sensitive layer situated in the back of the eyes. In some cases, these vessels will swell up (macular oedema) and leak fluid into the rear of the eye. In other cases, abnormal blood vessels will grow on the surface of the retina.

Diabetic retinopathy occurs in three stages:
Background retinopathy - Background retinopathy is said to occur if you have developed microaneurysms on your retina. Microaneurysms are when there is a swelling of the capillaries (very small blood vessels) that feed the retina. It is an early warning sign that your diabetes has lead to some damage of the small blood vessels of your retina.
Diabetic maculopathy - The macula is the part of the eye that helps to provide us with our central vision. Diabetic maculopathy is when the macula sustains some form of damage. One such cause of macular damage is from diabetic macular oedema whereby blood vessels near to the macula leak fluid or protein onto the macula.
Proliferative retinopathy - If a significant number of blood vessels on the retina become damaged, your body will respond by releasing a growth hormone known as Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor (VEGF). The growth hormone stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. However, these new blood vessels are particularly weak and prone to leaking. Proliferative retinopathy is the body’s attempt to save its retina but it can often lead scarring of the retina and can cause the retina to detach, leading to blindness.
Symptoms
You might not have any signs of diabetic retinopathy until it becomes serious. When you do have symptoms, you might notice:

Loss of central vision, which is used when you read or drive
Not being able to see colors
Blurry vision
Holes or black spots in your vision
Floaters, or small spots in your vision caused by bleeding
Poor night vision
Risk factors
Anyone who has diabetes can develop diabetic retinopathy. Risk of developing the eye condition can increase as a result of:

Duration of diabetes — the longer you have diabetes, the greater your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy
Poor control of your blood sugar level
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Pregnancy
Tobacco use
Being African-American, Hispanic or Native American
Treatment
Treatment of diabetic retinopathy depends on the extent of the disease.

Eye Injections - Eye Medications called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors can be used to help stop the growth of new blood vessels and improve vision. Most people who receive these injections will need to get them for at least three months. Over time, some people may need to get them less often or may no longer need them at all, but others will need to continue in order to protect their vision.
Focal laser surgery - This surgery attempts to stop or reduce the leaking of blood or fluid into the eye by burning and sealing the damaged blood vessels.
Photocoagulation - This is usually done in your doctor’s office as an outpatient procedure during a single session. The procedure may or may not restore your vision to normal, but it should prevent your condition from worsening.
Scatter laser surgery - This surgery uses lasers to burn the damaged blood vessels so that they shrink. This procedure may require more than one application, and your vision may be blurry for a day or more after each session. You may also experience loss of peripheral vision or night vision after the procedure.
Vitrectomy - This surgery is done under general anesthesia and involves making a tiny incision in the eye to remove blood from the vitreous fluid, as well as any scar tissue that may cause retinal detachment.
Complications
Diabetic retinopathy involves the abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retina. Complications can lead to serious vision problems:

Vitreous hemorrhage - The new blood vessels may bleed into the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of your eye. If the amount of bleeding is small, you might see only a few dark spots (floaters). In more-severe cases, blood can fill the vitreous cavity and completely block your vision. Vitreous hemorrhage by itself usually doesn't cause permanent vision loss. The blood often clears from the eye within a few weeks or months. Unless your retina is damaged, your vision may return to its previous clarity.
Retinal detachment - The abnormal blood vessels associated with diabetic retinopathy stimulate the growth of scar tissue, which can pull the retina away from the back of the eye. This may cause spots floating in your vision, flashes of light or severe vision loss.
Glaucoma - New blood vessels may grow in the front part of your eye and interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, causing pressure in the eye to build up (glaucoma). This pressure can damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain (optic nerve).
Blindness - Eventually, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or both can lead to complete vision loss.
To schedule an appointment with our experts for Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment In Ghatkopar, please call us at +91 8451045935, +91-8451045934 or visit our clinic at Address.

For more information = https://www.mumbaieyecare.com/

Our Team Published A Very Important Review On ‘Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children
Our team published a very important review on ‘Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with COVID- A Pediatric Nephrologist’s Perspective’ in journal ‘Clinical Kidney Journal’. This review is very important for all physicians, Pediatricians and Nephrologists taking care of children with COVID and AKI.

About Dr.
Dr. Sidharth Kumar Sethi
Kidney & Urology Institute
He was trained as a Fellow (International Pediatric Nephrology Association Fellowship) and Senior Resident in Pediatric Nephrology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, California. He has been actively involved in the care of children with all kinds of complex renal disorders, including nephrotic syndrome, tubular disorders, urinary tract infections, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and renal transplantation. He has been a part of 8-member writing committee for the guidelines of Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome and Expert committee involved in the formulation of guidelines of Pediatric Renal Disorders including Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome and urinary tract infections. He has more than 30 indexed publications in Pediatric Nephrology and chapters in reputed textbooks including Essential Pediatrics (Editors O.P. Ghai) and “Pediatric Nephrology� (Editors A Bagga, RN Srivastava). He is a part of Editorial Board of “World Journal of Nephrology� and “eAJKD- Web version of American Journal of Kidney Diseases�. He is a reviewer for Pediatric Nephrology related content for various Pediatric and Nephrology journals.

For more information = http://www.pediatricnephrologyindia.com/

Ear (Otology) Doctor In Delhi, India
Your ear problems need advice from an expert. You can now consult to the Best Otology Doctor In India for any issue related to Otology. A right advice after a complete diagnosisfrom an experienced professional can help you to achieve the necessary relief with the hearing issues. An experienced and qualified specialist is now available in your city.

Tympanoplasty
A tympanoplasty is an operation that is aimed to remove infection from your ear and close a hole in your eardrum. The aim of thisoperation is to prevent repeated ear infections and if repair certain types of hearing losses. With the perfect diagnosis from Best Octology Doctor in India you can gain your hearing back. With the availability of modern equipment and state-of-the-art facilities, our staff will extend you the best service.

Stapedotomy
A stapedotomy (or stapedectomy) is an operation to help improve hearing in those patients who suffer from a condition called otosclerosis. In this delicate operation a part of the fixed stapes bone is removed and replaced with an artificial piston. Performed by Best Otology Doctor In India to enhance the transmission of sound to the internal ear, stapedectomy treats dynamic hearing loss brought on by otosclerosis, a condition in which bone solidifies around the base of the stapes.

Ossiculoplasty
An ossiculoplasty is an operation to help improve hearing in those patients where hearing loss is due to damage to the ossicles (tiny hearing bones) following chronic ear infection. In this operation we may either use your own residual ossicle or an artificial ossicle to achieve the desired result. In a few sorts of ear surgery that incorporates an ossicular chain repair, the surgical approach is through the ear canal (outside sound-related channel) and this is called an endaural approach.

Mastoidectomy
A mastoidectomy is an operation that is aimed to remove any pocket of dead skin and infection in your ear and mastoid bone (ear bone) and thus stop ear discharge. The infection in the ear can spread to the temporal / mastoid bone. Your ENT specialist may need to evacuate parts of the temporal bone if this happens. This can cause hearing loss. You can expect some hearing distress from a radical and modified radical mastoidectomy. This operation isn't as common as it used to be. These days the expert Ear Surgeon can reconstruct the defects caused by the disease or the surgery at the same time as the primary operation. Antibiotics ordinarily treat infections, yet surgery is an alternative if antibiotics are not effective.

We provide to all aspects of ENT surgeries and ENT treatments, from the very elementary to the most exceptional, with the association of our ENT Specialist, Consultants, Onco-Surgeons, Plastic Surgeons, therapists, practitioners, rehabilitators, and assistance staff. Guided by the extensive knowledge, excellent expertise, and clear vision, we are providingthe best ENT health care in the Capital city.

Corneal Dystrophy

Corneal distrophies are a group of rare and genetic diseases affecting the cornea. It runs in a families and may be present asymptomatic. They affect both the eyes and other parts of the families are not involved. Main cause of corneal dystrophies is foreign material build up in the cornea and that results in clouding of cornea and visual impairment.

The cornea is made up of five distinct layers:
The Epithelium - the outermost, protective layer of the cornea.
The Bowman's membrane - this second layer is extremely tough and difficult to penetrate further protecting the eye
The Stroma - the thickest layer of the cornea, consisting of water, collagen fibers and other connective tissue components that give the cornea its strength, elasticity and clarity.
Descemet's Layer - a thin, strong inner layer that also acts as a protective layer.
The Endothelium - the innermost layer consisting of specialized cells that pump excess water out of the cornea
Types of corneal dystrophies:
There are 20 different types of corneal distrophies but are groped in 3 main categories:

Anterior or superficial corneal dystrophies. These affect the outermost layers of the cornea: the epithelium and Bowman’s membrane.
Stromal corneal dystrophies affect the stroma, which is the middle and thickest layer of the cornea.
Posterior corneal dystrophies affect the innermost parts of the cornea: the endothelium and the Descemet membrane. The most common posterior corneal dystrophy is Fuchs’ dystrophy.
Symptoms of Corneal distrophies:
Symptoms like watery eyes, dry eyes, corneal erosions, Blurry vision, halos around light, light sensitivity and difficulty in seeing at night often overlaps with diseases like glaucoma and cataract. Two differentiating symptoms are pain and a feeling of something in the eye occurs in the corneal distrophies. As the condition worsens vision becomes poor and irregularities in the cornea may lead to fluctuating vision.

Who is at risk for corneal dystropies?
People having family history of the disease are at more risk than others. Corneal dystrophies can appear at any age. Men and women are equally affected by most corneal dystrophies, except for Fuchs’ dystrophy. Fuchs’ affects women more frequently than men.

What are my treatment choices?
Treatment for corneal dystrophies may vary from eye drops to corneal transplant and depends on:

The type of dystrophy
The severity of symptoms
In few cases, people with corneal dystrophy may have repeated corneal erosion. This condition may be treated with antibiotics, lubricating eye drops, ointments, or special soft contact lenses that protect the cornea. If erosion continues, other treatment options may include the use of laser therapy or a technique for scraping the cornea.

In severe cases, a corneal transplant (called keratoplasty) may be necessary. The damaged or unhealthy corneal tissue is removed and clear donor cornea tissue is put in its place. For endothelial dystrophies, such as Fuchs’ dystrophy, a partial cornea transplant (or endothelial keratoplasty) is used.

Keratoconus is a vision disorder that occurs when the normally round cornea (the front part of the eye) becomes thin and irregular (cone) shaped. This abnormal shape prevents the light entering the eye from being focused correctly on the retina and causes distortion of vision. It is characterized by para-central corneal thinning and ectasia so that the cornea takes the shape of a cone. Visual loss occurs primarily from myopia and irregular astigmatism and secondarily from corneal scarring. Keratoconus often begins at puberty and most often is seen in teenagers or young adults.

Keratoconus causes distorted vision that cannot be corrected with eyeglasses. Tiny fibers of protein in your eye called collagen help hold your cornea in place. When these fibers get weak, they can’t hold their shape. Your cornea gets more and more cone-like.

It happens when you don’t have enough protective antioxidants in your cornea. Its cells produce harmful byproducts, the same way a car puts out exhaust. Normally, antioxidants get rid of them and protect the collagen fibers. But if levels are low, the collagen weakens and the cornea bulges.

Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of keratoconus may change as the disease progresses. They include:

Blurred or distorted vision
Increased sensitivity to bright light and glare, which can cause problems with night driving
A need for frequent changes in eyeglass prescriptions
Sudden worsening or clouding of vision
The swelling occurs when the strain of the cornea's protruding cone-like shape causes a tiny crack to develop. The swelling may last for weeks or months as the crack heals and is gradually replaced by scar tissue.
Monocular polyopia (perception of multiple ‘ghost’ images in the eye).
Streaking and flaring distortion around light sources.
Marked anisometropia (difference in vision of two eyes).
Photophobia (increased sensitivity to light).
Eyestrain, in order to read clearly.
Risk factors
Heredity. One in 10 keratoconus sufferers has a close family relative with the disorder.
Frequent eye rubbing, especially aggressive “knuckling� eye rubbing.
Having a history of asthma, allergies, Ehlos Danlers syndrome, Down’s syndrome
Keratoconus is categorised clinically as:
Latent stage: Latent stage was recognisable by placido disc only.
Early stage: Early stages were subdivided into two categories as:

Keratoconus fruste, which entailed 1- to 4-degree deviation of horizontal axis of the placido disc.
Early or mild keratoconus, which entailed 5- to 8-degree deviation of horizontal axis.
Causes
A family history of keratoconus has been established in some cases. Most researchers believe that multiple, complex factors are required for the development of keratoconus including both genetic and environmental factors.

With the advent of videokeratography to assess family members, however, pedigrees have been analysed. These studies show corneal changes consistent with keratoconus in some family members, which suggest an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

Keratoconus may be associated with wide variety of systemic and ocular conditions.

Systemic associations:
Atopy (a genetic predisposition to develop an allergic reaction): Eye rubbing seen in systemic atopy may play a role in the development of keratoconus.
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21): In Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), frequency of acute hydrops is higher, perhaps because of eye rubbing and/or these patients are treated infrequently with keratoplasty and their disease is allowed to progress further.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Marfan syndrome.
Ocular associations:
Retinitis pigmentosa.
Retinopathy of prematurity.
Fuchs’ corneal endothelial dystrophy.
Posterior polymorphous dystrophy.
Contributory factors such as:
Enzyme abnormalities in corneal epithelium: Enzyme abnormalities such as increased expression of lysosomal enzymes (catalase and cathepsin) and decreased levels of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes (tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases), may play a role in corneal stromal degradation.
Differentially expressed corneal epithelium: Differentially expressed corneal epithelium between keratoconus and myopes (as controls) in both genetic expression and protein expression.
Molecular defect: Molecular defect producing unusual absence of water channel protein aquaporin 5 in keratoconus as compared to normal corneal epithelium.
Gelatinolytic activity: Gelatinolytic activity in stroma has been described, which may be due to decreased function of enzyme inhibitors.
Abnormalities in corneal collagen and its cross-linking: Abnormalities in corneal collagen and its cross-linking may be the cause of keratoconus.
Hard contact lens wear.
Pathophysiology:
First is thinning of the corneal stroma then fragmentation of the Bowman layer and the deposition of iron in the basal epithelial cells, forming the Fleischer ring. Folds and breaks in the Descemet’s membrane result in acute hydrops and striae, which produces variable amount of diffuse scarring.

How diagnosis is made?
Certain tests like refraction, keratometry, corneal topography/Computerised videokeratography, ultrasound pachymetry and slit lamp microscopy help in reaching final conclusion.

Computerized videokeratography, which takes pictures of your cornea so a map can be made of the surface while also measuring the thickness of your cornea

Severity of keratoconus depends on shape of cone:
Nipple cones
Oval cones
Globus cones
Treatment
If your keratoconus is progressing, corneal collagen cross-linking might be indicated to slow or stop the progression. Contact lenses can be used to correct astigmatism and mild near-sightedness. Improving your vision depends on the severity of keratoconus. Mild to moderate keratoconus can be treated with eyeglasses or contact lenses.

Lenses
Hard contact lenses. Hard lenses may feel uncomfortable at first, but many people adjust to wearing them and they can provide excellent vision. This type of lens can be made to fit your corneas.
Piggyback lenses. If rigid lenses are uncomfortable, your doctor may recommend "piggybacking" a hard contact lens on top of a soft one.
Eyeglasses or soft contact lenses. Glasses or soft contact lenses can correct blurry or distorted vision in early keratoconus. But people frequently need to change their prescription for eyeglasses or contacts as the shape of their corneas change.
Hybrid lenses. These contact lenses have a rigid center with a softer ring around the outside for increased comfort. People who can't tolerate hard contact lenses may prefer hybrid lenses.
Scleral lenses. These lenses are useful for very irregular shape changes in your cornea in advanced keratoconus. Instead of resting on the cornea like traditional contact lenses do, scleral lenses sit on the white part of the eye (sclera) and vault over the cornea without touching it.
Surgical Interventions
Some form of surgery may become necessary if the cornea progresses in its shape-changing until it is so steep that contacts cannot be tolerated at all.

INTACS are described as arc-like and plastic. These pieces are inserted into the center of the cornea to flatten it, thereby making the eye more contact lens-tolerant.
Collagen crosslinking (CXL) with UVA is a complex surgery that involves removing the topmost layer of your cornea, adding vitamin drops and then exposing the eye to a special UV lamp that helps the cornea fibers multiply, strengthening the cornea.
Corneal transplant surgery is the last resort for most doctors. In this procedure cornea would be removed and replaced with a healthy, normal-shaped cornea. This surgery has a long recovery time, a year or more in some cases, for clear vision.
Penetrating keratoplasty. If you have corneal scarring or extreme thinning, you'll likely need a cornea transplant (keratoplasty). Penetrating keratoplasty is a full-cornea transplant. In this procedure, doctors remove a full-thickness portion of your central cornea and replace it with donor tissue
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). The DALK procedure preserves the inside lining of the cornea (endothelium). This helps avoid the rejection of this critical inside lining that can occur with a full-thickness transplant.
Important Reminder: This information is only intended to provide guidance, not a definitive medical advice. Please consult eye doctor about your specific condition. Only a trained, experienced board certified eye doctor can determine an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.

To schedule an appointment with our experts for Keratoconus Treatment in Ghatkopar, please call us at +91 8451045935, +91-8451045934 or visit our clinic at Address.

For more information = https://www.mumbaieyecare.com/