World's first medical networking and resource portal

Articles
Category : All ; Cycle : January 2014
Medical Articles
Jan17
HIV /AIDS : MANY NGOs IN INDIA LOOTING HIV/AIDS FUND SHOWING HOUSE WIVES AS SEX WORKERS :A JOLT TO HIV/AIDS PROGRAMME -AN OPEN CORRUPTION
HIV /AIDS : MANY NGOs IN INDIA LOOTING HIV/AIDS FUND SHOWING HOUSE WIVES AS SEX WORKERS :A JOLT TO HIV/AIDS PROGRAMME -AN OPEN CORRUPTION
HIV /AIDS data in india is almost farce,hardly many countries trust it,the mennce of HIV/AIDS IS MUCH MORE IN INDIA OR AFRICAN COUNTRIES WHERE MYCH INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNATIONALS FUNDS ARE SIPHONED IN NAME OF HIV/AIDS,REAL HELP TO AFFECTED PERSONS HARDLY REACH AND MANY POOR PATIENTS DIE FOR LACK OF INVESTIGATION,TRATMENT OF CONQUOR OVER COMPLICATIONS AS THERE IS NO MONEY LEFT OUT.

IN MANY AFRICAN COUNTRIES AS USA PRESIDENT OFFERED HUGH FUND FOR INVESTIGATIONS AND TREATMENT IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES MNY PERSON ARE LOOTING HIV FUND FOR THEIR WELFARE AND EVEN GET THEMSELVES INJECTED WITH HIV AND MAKE THEMSELVES HIV PATIENT SO THAT HEY CAN GET GOOD FUND FROIM GOVERNMENT .
IN INDIA TOO FUNDS WERE LOOTED BY AN NGIO IN TRIPUR WHERE HOUSEWIVES FROM VILLAGES OF TRIBAL ORIGIN WERE SHOWN SEX WORKERES AND FUND WAS LOOTED.T
he Tripura government has ordered a probe against an NGO which reportedly enrolled housewives as sex workers to manipulate funds sanctioned to campaign against AIDS, a minister said on Thursday.

‘The government has ordered an investigation. If the NGO is found responsible for any wrongdoing, the government will take stern against perpetrators,’ Health and Education Minister Tapan Chakraborty said.

Congress leader Birajit Sinha had raised the issue in September.

The NGO, in north Tripura’s Kailashahar area, had allegedly enrolled around 600 housewives as sex workers and siphoned lakhs of rupees, Sinha told the House.

He said that housewives, tea workers and women belonging to minority groups had been enrolled as sex workers without their knowledge. The NGO collected blood samples on the plea of malaria finding exercise.

SUCH THING MUST BE STOPPED EVEN FILMY MELAS AND UNNECESSARY FOREIGN TRIPS MADE FOR THIS AIDS AWARENESS WHERE PATIENT DONOT GET DIAGNOSTIC KIT ND TREATMENT.


Category (General Medicine)  |   Views (3217)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan17
PREGNANCY WITHOUT INTERCOURSE A BOON FOR HIV PATEINTS & MANY INFERTILE PATIENTS -ROBOTIC SPERM - A GREAT INVENTION OF THIS CENTURY
PREGNANCY WITHOUT INTERCOURSE A BOON FOR HIV PATEINTS & MANY INFERTILE PATIENTS -ROBOTIC SPERM - AGREAT INVENTION OF THIS CENTURY:------

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram

Sperm robots on way to deliver babies !-A BOON FOR INFERTILE PATIENT AND HIV PATIENTS AND HUSBAND BEING SERO NEGATIVE AND IF BOTH POSITIVE EVEN THEN SPERM WASHING AND CLOGGING IT IN MICROTUBULE REMOVES HIV PARTICLE is the most important invention of the year.

Sperm Apart from their natural act, sperms are set to be used as biological motors for transporting drugs, genes and other sperms to help treat infertility and other issues.

Called spermbots – sperms turned into micro-robots – they could be controlled from outside a patient’s body to deliver drugs, and even sperm itself, to parts of the body where it is needed, says a path-breaking research.

Researchers at Dresden Institute for Integrative Nanosciences in Germany are looking for a way to propel micro-robots through bodily fluids safely.

‘We thought of using a powerful biological motor to do the job instead and we came up with the flagella of a sperm cell, which is physiologically less problematic,’ professor Oliver G. Schmidt, director of the institute, was quoted as saying in Gizmag.com that covers new and emerging technologies.
To create these tiny robots, scientists designed microtubes, which are thin sheets of titanium and iron rolled into conical tubes and having a magnetic property.

They put the microtubes into a solution in a Petri dish and added bovine sperm cells, which are similar size to human sperm, said the report.

When a live sperm entered the wider end of the tube, it became trapped near the narrow end.

The scientists also closed the wider end, so the sperm wouldn’t swim out.

The trapped cell pushed against the tube, moving it forward.

Then, the scientists used a magnetic field to guide the tube in the direction they wanted it to go, relying on the sperm for the propulsion, the report said.


Category (General Medicine)  |   Views (3267)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan15
Intestinal Obstruction due to Stones
MRS R____ K____ , a 55 year old female was transferred from a local nursing home

She was admitted in a local Nursing home with abdominal pain & vomiting. She was treated as a case of acidity. In spite of the treatment for a week, she did not improve.

When she came to me, her symptoms were suggestive of intestinal obstruction (blockage). A CT scan of abdomen was undertaken. CT scan revealed that she had intestinal obstruction due to a large 5 centimeter stone. This is called Gall stone ileus.

How did the stone land up in her intestine?

No it was not a swallowed stone. This stone had formed in her Gall Bladder over many years. Due to its weight & chronic inflammation, the stone gradually perforated into her small intestine (duodenum). Since the stone was very large it could not pass thro the small intestine and got stuck in the last part of small intestine. Patient was having pain & constantly vomiting due to this blockage.

The treatment was done using minimal access surgery instead of making a big cut on her abdomen – laparotomy. Using laparoscopy, the site of blockage was identified. A small incision was made on her abdomen. The stone was cut open from the intestine (enterolithotomy) and the intestine was placed back into the abdomen.

The blockage was cleared and the patient recovered smoothly and was discharged in few days.

See more at: http://drbcshah.com/intestinal-obstruction-due-to-stones/


Category (Critical Care Medicine)  |   Views (7991)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan14
HIV/AIDS & STDS PROTECTED BY CONDOMS-HOW TO USE MLE/FEMALE CONDOM
HIV/AIDS &STDS PROTECTED BY CONDOMS-HOW TO USE MLE/FEMALE CONDOM

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram
.
Condom is the best protection to prevent HIV,AIDS,HERPES,SYPHILLIS,GONORRHOEA,CHLADYMIA,TRICHOMONIASIS,CANDIDIASIS INFECTION OF GENITILIA,HERPES,LG,IG,DUCREY'S ULCER ETC which is contacted due to unsafe and unprotected sex with an infected partner whether homosexual or hetrosexul as change of pertners more in homosexuals so chance of fgetting infected with an infected partner is more,CONDOM can only protect it not prephrophylxis dru like RRUVADA ALSO as it has to be taken long not used as conddom use and throw at the time of sex only.
MALE CONDOMS ARE MAINLY USED AND DIFFERENT VARIETIES ARE AVAILBLE MIN THING IS THIS THAT IT SHOULD BE THIN SOTHAT PLASURE OF SEX DOESNOT GO AND IT SHOULD NOT RUPTURE ALSO DURING SEX INTERCOURSE AND AGAIN AFTER SEX SPILLAGE OF SPERM SHOULD NOT OCCUR IN VAGNA OR VAGINAL FLUID SHOULD NOT TOUCH BARE MALE PENIS.CONDOM PROVIDE 985 PREVENTION OF STDs.
FEMALE CONDOMS ARE ALSO USEFUL AND EASY TO BE USED ONCE PRACTICE THINGS ARE SIMPLE.
MANY VARIETIES OF CONDOMS ARE PRODUCED.
A Japanese condom manufacturer has claimed to have created the world’s thinnest condoms, which measures just one sixth of a human hair. Sagami Rubber industries reportedly spent 10 years to create its new ultra-light polyurethane condom, News.com.au reported.The condom’s called ‘Sagami Original 0.01′ and is priced at 13 dollars. The company tested over 20,000 condoms to come up with its final design, the skin of which measures only 0.01 mm. (10-5m).
Condom dos and don’ts

While the perfect-use failure rate is only 2%, the typical-use failure rate is 15%. This is mostly because of the mistakes that people usually make when using them. These include:
Tearing the packet wrong: Some people tend to rip off the condom packet using their teeth. This can cause tears or breakages in the condom which will lead to a not-so-happy ending.
Completely unrolling it: Another common mistake is completely unrolling the condom before putting it on which makes them loose and ineffective.
Putting it on wrong: Sometimes people accidentally roll the condom on the wrong way and after realising their mistake then roll it back the right way and use it. This is dangerous because some of the pre-ejaculate material might accidentally get on the outer surface of the condom which can cause pregnancies.
Using the wrong lubricant: An important thing you need to keep in mind is you need to use compatible lubricants with condoms. For example if you’re using latex ones you should stay away from oil-based lubricants like petroleum jelly, hand lotion or cold cream can damage latex condoms. You should use water-based ones like glycerine or lubricating jellies which can be purchased at most chemist shops.
Not squeezing out the air: Before putting on a condom you need to squeeze out the little air bubble in it.Failure to do so can result in the condom breaking.
Not leaving space: This issue occurs when guys put it on without leaving some space at the tip for semen which results in breakages.
Taking it off before they’re done: Some users tend to take it off before they’re done which renders the contraception useless.
Taking it off too late: Others tend to leave the condom on even after they lose an erection which can result in the sperm seeping out. It’s vital to immediately remove and dispose of the condom after use.
Tie at tip :to preventspillage after release and taking it out tie it t tip with finges sothat no spillage over vagina occurs .


Category (General Medicine)  |   Views (3273)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan14
HIV /AIDS WHY SO HARD TO TREAT,WHY RECURRENCES COMMON ?
HIV /AIDS WHY SO HARD TO TREAT,WHY RECURRENCES COMMON ?

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram
.

HIV /AIDS are commonly known for a long term infection once entered slowly progress UTILISING CD4 CELLS AND CCR5 receptors and even treatment taken diminish viral load but virus is never killed in total and evn after vccination good antibodies produced but VIRUS VANNOT BE ERADICATED COMPLETELY.
Noe,Researchers may have found the answer to the question as to how the HIV virus persists in the body, and replication resumes if treatment is interrupted.

They recently discovered T memory stem cells, which could be long-term viral reservoir, and may be potential targets for future treatment of HIV.Corresponding author Mathias Lichterfeld, MD, of the MGH Infectious Disease Division, said that most human cells are short lived, so it has been unclear how HIV manages to stick around for decades in spite of very effective antiviral treatment.

Lichterfeld said that this question led to the hypothesis that HIV might infect stem cells – the most long-lasting cells in the body – but traditional organ-specific stem cells, even those that give rise to all immune and blood cells, are resistant to HIV infection, asserting that they have discovered that a new group of T cells, called T memory stem cells, are susceptible to HIV and likely represent the longest lasting cellular niche for the virus.

The MGH/Ragon team found that T memory stem cells express both CD4 and CCR5 – the receptor proteins used by HIV to enter cells – suggesting that these long-lived cells could be the long-sought HIV reservoir.

They then found that these cells can be readily infected with HIV, which was unexpected since traditional stem cells resist HIV infection. Importantly, the investigators found that levels of HIV DNA in patients receiving long-term antiviral treatment were highest in T memory stem cells.

Testing blood samples that had been taken from patients soon after initial infection and several years later revealed that the viral sequences found in T memory stem cells after 6 to 10 years of treatment were similar to those found in circulating T cells soon after infection, indicating that HIV had persisted relatively unchanged in T memory stem cells.


Category (General Medicine)  |   Views (3213)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan13
Hernia Becomes Gangrenous
Often Indian ladies have large bellies. Common causes are multiple pregnancies, sedentary lifestyle, poor physical exercises and health neglect. At times scars on abdomen of surgeries compound the weakness of the tummy.

It is not uncommon to notice a protrusion (hernia) thro natural scar (umbilicus) or surgical scars. "My mom also had it" is a common answer which denotes that they have a metabolic error whereby the scars are inherently formed weak. They move around with such bulges on their huge tummies. At times there is no umbilicus visible because of huge hernias. At times they are huge protrusions of the intestines and other contents.

So when the patients are advised to get operated their argument is that so many have it and for so many years they are carrying on without any complaints, so why operate? Well the reason to get it operated is that slowly all of them grow. More and more contents of the tummy start protruding out and one day it becomes so tight or overcrowded that they get strangulated and there is no space for blood to nourish the intestines and other contents. Thus a simple problem gets complicated. The patient all of a sudden suffers from great pain as a result has to be rushed to the hospital. The surgery becomes lengthy and riskier. The recovery period increases and so does the cost. Why wait so long?

- See more at: http://drbcshah.com/hernia-becomes-gangrenous/


Category (Critical Care Medicine)  |   Views (7162)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan11
HIV/AIDS GIRL TO MOVE TO COURT TO GET ILLLEGAL PREGNANCY TERMINATED-NO DOCTOR HOSPITAL WANT TO TERMINATE IT -A STRONG DISCRIMINATION & STIGMA AGAINST HIV PATIENT IN INDIA -NO BODY WANTS TO TREAT WITH FREAK EXCUSES
HIV/AIDS GIRL TO MOVE TO COURT TO GET ILLLEGAL PREGNANCY TERMINATED-NO DOCTOR HOSPITAL WANT TO TERMINATE IT -A STRONG DISCRIMINATION & STIGMA
AGAINST HIV PATIENT IN INDIA -NO BODY WANTS TO TREAT WITH FREAK EXCUSES

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram

The Delhi High Court on Friday allowed the plea of a HIV-positive teenager, who was rescued from a brothel, for termination of her pregnancy a.
s being taken first to state hospitals all turned the request as to avoid HIV PATIENTS,most hospital ,doctors and staff reject HIV patients making some ground this way that way to avoid treat them for fear of transmission.Even in private hospitals against government orders HIV TESTS are done routinely without cosultataion by counsellor or consent and ie it is found positive patients tretment is not done,no opearation done making excuse like long list,complication of aneasthesia,bad recovery and they tell patient to go to hifher government centres and there they face long line and they lso donot treat them and in stead of straigt denial mny excuses are made and patients are not treated .

THIS CSE IS AN EXMPLE OF SUCH EXECUSE WHERE FOR A NORMAL TRETMENT ATIENT HAD TO MOVE COURT FOR ILLEGL PREGANCY TERMINATION HAD IT NOT BEEN POOR GIRL OR HIV PATIENT HE WOULD HVE BEEN TREATED IMMEDIATELY.

Justice Sunita Gupta permitted the 19-year-old girl to terminate her pregnancy after accepting her submissions that she was from the poor strata of the society and ‘it was a forced pregnancy amounting to rape as she was in the brothel’.

The court directed the Delhi government to take her to Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital while asking its medical superintendent to constitute a medical board to examine her and ‘terminate her pregnancy within three days’.

It also directed the government to ensure that the girl got proper medicines and diet during the treatment.

Allowing her termination of pregnancy, the court also accepted the girl’s argument that she also wanted to abort the foetus on grounds of ill health.

The court’s order came after the Delhi government responded to the court’s notice and said that it had no objection to getting the 19-week-old foetus aborted.

The girl, in her plea, said she was rescued from a brothel along with other girls by police during a raid. (Read: Getting tested for HIV – all your questions answered)

According to the petition, all the girls were sent to the care of Nari Niketan.

She added that she had informed the authorities that she is pregnant and wanted to terminate it as the child was conceived in forceful and undesired sexual intercourse.

She moved the high court when her repeated requests for abortion were ignored by the state authorities.


Category (General Medicine)  |   Views (3063)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan11
HIV /AIDS RETURNS IN TWO BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTED PATIENTS
HIV /AIDS RETURNS IN TWO BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTED PATIENTS

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram

Two patients previously thought to be ‘cured’ of HIV after undergoing bone marrow transplants are now seeing the return of the virus in their blood, a US doctor has revealed.

Timothy Henrich, a physician-researcher at the Boston Brigham and Women’s Hospital, believed the re-emergence of the virus demonstrates that HIV reservoirs, latent cells carrying the virus, ‘is deeper and more persistent’ than scientists had realised.

‘The return of detectable levels of HIV in our patients is disappointing, but scientifically significant,’ Henrich told Xinhua in a statement through e-mail.

‘Through this research, we have discovered …that our current standards of probing for HIV may not be sufficient to inform us if long-term HIV remission is possible if anti-retroviral therapy is stopped,’ he said.

The two HIV-positive patients, who do not want to be identified, received bone marrow transplants as part of treatment for Hodgkin’ s lymphoma, a cancer of the blood, one in 2008, the other in 2010.

HIV became undetectable in both patients approximately eight months after transplant. This year, during spring, they agreed to cease anti-retroviral therapy to test whether the transplant had eliminated the virus from their bodies.

In July, the researchers announced that the two have shown no signs of HIV after they were off anti-retroviral therapy for 15 weeks and seven weeks, respectively.

But in August, the researchers detected HIV in one of the patients, who then resumed taking medication. The other opted to stay off the medicine but last month, after 32 weeks with no HIV detected, signs of the virus re-emerged and the patient also resumed anti-retroviral therapy.

According to researchers, the virus is now suppressing as expected and they are both currently in good health.


Category (Sexuality & Venereal Disorders)  |   Views (2807)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan09
HIV /AIDS INDIAN DATA: HOW MUCH THEY ARE TRUE AND RELAIBLE? DOES FOREINGN COUNTRIES RELIES THEM OR A COVERUP FOR NATIONAL PRIDE ?IS ZERO DISCRIMINATION,ZERO CASES FOR HIV IS POSSIBLE IN INDIA ?
HIV /AIDS INDIAN DATA: HOW MUCH THEY ARE TRUE AND RELAIBLE? DOES FOREINGN COUNTRIES RELIES THEM OR A COVERUP FOR NATIONAL PRIDE ?IS ZERO DISCRIMINATION,ZERO CASES FOR HIV IS POSSIBLE IN INDIA ?

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram
.
On the eve of World AIDS Day, the AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF), the largest US non-profit healthcare provider for HIV/AIDS in the US, questioned the efficacy and the claims of the National HIV policy and India’s celebrated AIDS model . A conference they held on the eve of World AIDS Day looked to provide a reality check on the progress in India towards the UNAIDS slogan – Getting to zero – zero discrimination, zero AIDS related death and zero new infections.Globally, according to the UNAIDS report, 34.0 million people have been estimated to be living with AIDS in 2011 and about half of them do not know their HIV status.In South and South-East Asia, the estimated 270 000 [230 000–340 000] new HIV infections in 2010 is 40 percent less than at the epidemic’s peak in 1996.
In India 2.4 million HIV positive people. It’s estimated that out of these 61% are male, 39% are female and 3.5% are children. As of 2009, the adult prevalence is believed to be 0.31%. Despite, the huge number the prevalence of HIV is low when compared to our today population. On the other hand, HIV epidemic regions like South Africa have over 5 million cases with a prevalence of 18% in adults.
India has reduced new HIV infections by 57% since 2001,The recently released UNAIDS Report 2013 claims that India has managed to reduce new HIV infections by a staggering 57% since 2001. To put this in perspective, in the same time frame, our neighbours Pakistan have seen an eight-fold increase in the number of cases.siiliarly although our infnt mortality rate is higher than srilnka and bangladesh but in HIV CONTROL we are 25% ahead of them. A major reason for this a concerted effort by the Central government to tackle the ailment head on through information dissemination, education and communication. Also there has never been a case of AIDS denialism in India like there was in other epidemic countries which prevented the disease from spreading far and wide.
Drug addicts, men who have sex with men (MSM) and female sex workers are the high risk groups.In India, HIV is mainly concentrated among high risk groups who are 15-30 times more likely to contract HIV than non-high risk groups. The main high risk groups are intravenous drug users, men who have sex with men and female sex workers. HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM) stands at 4.43 percent and for female sex workers (FSW) the figure is recorded at 2.67 percent respectively.Getting treatment for high risk groups is even harder because of the stigma attached to each of the aforementioned activities. Nationally, the prevalence rate for adult female is 0.29 percent, while for male it is 0.43 percent. This means that for every 100 people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHAs), 61 are men and 39 women. Prevalence is also high in the 15-49 age group (88.7 percent of all infections), indicating that AIDS still threatens the cream of society, those in the prime of their working life.

Not enough ART – anti-retroviral therapy: Less than 10% people getting drugs.The reason HIV has become a more manageable disease instead of a death knell is because of something called anti-retroviral therapy in which a cocktail of drugs are given to HIV positive people which helps them manage their condition and prevents HIV from becoming AIDS. In fact, a study in India showed that early treatment not only prevents HIV from becoming AIDS but also lowers the chance of transmitting the virus. This has been observed in HIV discordant couples (one positive, one negative) and also mother-to-child transmission. Sadly, not enough people are getting treatment. India remains one of the countries where less than 10% HIV positive people receive ART and there are frequent cases of drug shortage. In India approximately 40 -59 percent of eligible people were receiving ART at the end of 2011.
Globally, the biggest gain has been made in reducing new HIV infections among children. Half of the global reductions in new HIV infections in the last two years have been among newborn children. The new HIV infections in children have dropped by 24 percent in the last two years.But in india less work has been done in this group and giving ART to pregnant mothers and giving ART to affected childrens.
REASONS WHY HIV /AIDS IS NOT THAT SUCCESSFUL IN INDIA:----
Still need to fight the stigma
The biggest challenge in India after the lack of drugs is the stigma attached to the ailment. When HIV was rife in the US, most people thought it was a disease that afflicted people who had it coming – the homosexuals, the drug users and the sex workers. While this view has changed over time, the stigma issue remains a problem in many parts of the world including India. We keep on coming across news items which talk about HIV positive families being ostracised, or an HIV positive people losing their jobs. It’s been often said that stigma of the ailment makes it much harder to deal with than the ailment itself. We need strict laws to curb anti-HIV discrimination and need to provide sensitisation to people to deal with people who suffer from the condition.Recently LGBT criminalisation and our hard drug control laws put all patiens of HIV under bar,MSM<FSW<DRUG INJECTOTRS where it is high hide it so disease has got large reservoir and opely available escort services,raised economical condition,more brothels and Red light areas,social living relations,open mindness, freedom to live as per choice and sex purchased by money,pressure,liquor or drugs ,pornography and sexual exhibinitism in open uncontrolled net,newspaper, socil midi,TV,Film,Rev parties all increase HIV/AIDS IN VULNERABLE GROUP AND IN AGE GROUP 15-49
For more on HIV/AIDS check out our AIDS section.
This comes in a time when the national body, NACO, claimed to have decreased HIV prevalence from 2.4 million at 0.31% to 2.1 million at 0.27% in the International Conference for AIDS in the Asia Pacific (ICAAP) held in November. The years of 2012 and 2013 saw many incidents of test kit stock out complaints from various community members and District officials in various forums. ‘Are the lower numbers due to lower access of testing facilities due to a decreased faith in the testing centres as a result of the continuous lack of test kits?’ asked AHF India.
Outdated treatment protocols?
According to Dr Nochiketa Mohanty, Country Program Manager, AIDS Healthcare Foundation, India, ’In India, outdated treatment guidelines are followed for people living with HIV on treatment as compared to the latest recommendations by WHO on CD4 count, which could help them fight the disease at a much earlier stage of disease. Not only this, outdated policies and methods of testing are implemented i.e. Serum based testing, which is less accessible, lengthy, requires venipuncture, trained technician & is cumbersome as compared to the implementation of Whole blood finger stick rapid tests, which is recommended by WHO, is more faster, & easy to perform at any place. Many lesser economies like Sierra Leone in Africa have started following these guidelines and have shared their success stories in various international forums. If they can, India definitely can implement these strategies. Is there an effort to decrease testing to find lesser people living with HIV so that a success story of a decreased HIV burden can be shared to the world?’)

Move to a two-test process

‘Developed countries like Australia and many other countries like Vietnam, China and Uganda have changed their national policies from a 3 HIV test policy to a 2 test policy in order to make testing more accessible, less cumbersome, faster as well as economical and also since the specificity and sensitivity of the results were shown to be comparable. Even in India, the Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP) has moved from a 3 test to 2 test policy for sputum smears on similar grounds. The Department of AIDS Control in India needs to learn from these strategies to make testing more accessible especially since more than 40%, based on the earlier estimates of 2.4 Million provided by NACO, are still unidentified’, said Dr Chhim Sarath, Asia Bureau Chief, AIDS Healthcare Foundation.

‘The treatment guidelines for HIV in India are archaic and follow older versions of international guidelines of WHO and CDC recommended prior to 2009 and do not follow the current international recommendations. While WHO recommends early initiation of treatment irrespective of CD4 count and many countries have initiated treatment provision for those with CD4 count below 500, India still recommends waiting till a CD4 count of 350 and lesser to initiate treatment. For pregnant women, it is recommended that treatment be started irrespective of the CD4 count to decrease transmission but there are many instances of pregnant women who are not initiated on treatment since there CD4 count is above 350. There seems to be a greater focus on the economics of putting more people living with HIV on treatment over the larger public health perspective in India’, said Ms Terri Ford, Chief of Global Advocacy, AIDS Healthcare Foundation.

‘Department of AIDS Control, India needs to step up to the modern world instead of holding on to antiquated recommendations for testing and treatment in order to help the world curb the epidemic’, said Mr Michael Weinstein, President, AIDS Healthcare
About AHF.Globlly,NAIDS latest says to achieve universal access to HIV treatment, prevention, care and support by2015, and to maintain it, HIV programme funding needs to be scaled up from US$ 16.6 billion in 2011 to US$ 24 billion in 2015, before declining to US$ 19.8 billion in 2020.


Category (General Medicine)  |   Views (2972)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Jan09
HIV/AIDS INFECTIONS-ADVANCING PRODUCE OPPURTUNISTIC INFECTIONS LEADING TO MOERBIDITIES & DEATH
HIV/AIDS INFECTIONS FOLLOWED BY OPPURTUNISTIC INFECTIONS;

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram
.
Besides some infections like Oral thrush,oral hairy leuoplakia,undiagnosed fever,loss of weight,loss of appetite,Diarrhoea prolonging for month or so which usually occurs even CD4 COUNT IS NOT THAT LOW I.E., ABOVE 200 OR more than 14% of total CD4 count percentage most below mentioned infections comes once HIV VIRAL LOAD IS HIGH,CD 4 BELOW 200 or 50 .
some gross hiv OPPURTUNISTIC INFECTIONS ARE AS FOLLOW:_

AIDS MALIASE:Weakness uneasyness muscle cramps,fever,nausea vomiting,loss of memory,murmuring bnorml words or wasting of muscles seen as many times.

Herpes simplex: seen as mutiple paulo vesiclar lesions over genitilia or mouth or in advanced stage lesion going to Lung and brain also reported.

CANCERS: BURKITT LYMPHOMA,CERVICAL CANCERS,INTESTINAL TUMORS,BRAIN LYPHOMAS may occur in advanced stage of AIDS/HIV infections Kaposi’s Sarcoma: It is a tumour caused by infection with human herpes virus 8. Though, initially described as an AIDS defining illness, it is known to occur in non-AIDS patients as well. However, as compared to a slow progression in normal individuals, the disease is very aggressive in HIV patients. The sarcoma can show symptoms in varied places including macular (related to a part of the eye), papular (all over the body) and exophytic (growths on the surface of the body) growth. (Read: HIV/AIDS – Causes, Symptoms, Tests, Treatment & More)

Candidiasis: It is an infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans. It is seen in normal as well as in patients with HIV/AIDS. In normal patients, the infection is limited to the mouth and oral cavity and is superficial in nature. In HIV/AIDS, it may colonize the oro-pharynx or the oesophagus or may colonize in both the areas. It may also infiltrate into the deeper tissues. By itself, it is not a prime cause of death, but the infection may cause difficulty in swallowing and decrease oral intake.

Crptococcosis: Fungal infection of Brain meninges is coomin,india ink tesing with csf is diagnostic.Crptosopodiasis of intestine produce diarrhoea similiarly Isospora infection does cause diarrhoes.
coccidiodomycosis,Histoplasmosis ,aspergilosis may infect lung or sytemic organs and even brain.
Tuberculosis (TB): It is one of the most important public health diseases in India. It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the absence of a proper immune system as seen in HIV/AIDS patients, the disease is more aggressive, widespread and more aggressively infective. It affects multiple body organs and even organs like the thyroid glands and heart, which are normally resistant to tuberculous infection. Dr Anjana Tadani, from Niramaya Hospital says, ‘Besides all this, the strain that proliferates in HIV/AIDS patients are usually resistant to the conventional anti-tuberculus drugs, and is usually a multi drug resistant strain. This strain is capable of affecting multiple organs in the body leading to death.’
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a type of cancer of the immune system. Development of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a long term complication in HIV infection. The risk of developing Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma increases with the duration of decreased immunity. The cancerous cells are initially formed most commonly in the lymph nodes, but quickly spread to other organs and without treatment it can be rapidly fatal. However, with the use of early anti-retroviral therapy, the incidence of this disease in AIDS patients has greatly reduced.
Pneumocystitis Pneumonia (PCP): Pneumocystitis Pneumonia is an infection of the lung caused by a yeast like fungus Pneumocystis jiroveckii, an organism that is normally found in the lungs of healthy individuals. In the presence of a normal immune system, it is unable to cause any damage or infection. In a person suffering with HIV/AIDS, the body’s immune system is compromised. This decreased immunity makes the person susceptible to opportunistic infections like PCP. The organism infiltrates into the fibrous septa of the alveolar spaces present in the the lungs and causes them to thicken. This thickening prevents normal gaseous exchange in the lungs and causes a state of severely decreased oxygenation of the body. If untreated, this disease is fatal.
Cytomegalovirus infections: Cytomegalovirus is a virus that is a part of the herpes family and spreads through exchange of body fluids. In the normal course of events, the infection is asymptomatic and the virus usually remains dormant in the body for the entirety of a person’s life. However, in times of decreased immunity – like in a person suffering from HIV/AIDS – the virus reactivates and can lodge itself in various organs of the body like the lungs, brain, gastrointestinal system and the eye. Untreated and in the case of a severe infection can be dangerous to life.Cytomeglo Retinitis n advnced infection of eye needing very meticulous treatment.
HIV and AIDS Dementia: Dementia is a condition that leads to a loss of intellectual capabilities such as memory, judgement and abstract thinking. Unlike other complications and diseases in AIDS which are opportunistic infections, it is postulated that AIDS Dementia Complex is caused by the HIV virus directly. Though, HIV does not directly infect the brain cells, it may cause inflammation in them or kill them. This was a common condition in the pre-HIV treatment days, but today, less than 10 – 15% of AIDS patients develop this complex.A
AIDS Wasting Syndrome: Wasting syndrome is a condition seen in AIDS patients where there is more than 10% weight loss with decrease in muscle mass. It is caused due to a variety of factors including:
Loss of Appetite: Directly because of HIV infection, opportunistic infections, side effects of medications, depression etc.
Decreased absorption of nutrients: This is usually either directly because of HIV infection, opportunistic infections and diarrhoea due to the side effects of medicines.
Metabolic changes: HIV as well as other infectious diseases cause an increased energy demand from the body, which may not be met by the dietary intake of a patient suffering from HIV/AIDS. This causes conversion of proteins to energy which can lead to wasting syndrome.
The AIDS Wasting syndrome increases the risk of opportunistic infections and significantly increases the risk of death.
Mycobacterium Avium Complex: Mycobacterium Avium Complex is a disease complex resembling a tuberculous infection which is almost never seen in normal healthy individuals. It is caused by a group of bacteria which include Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. The source of infection is uncertain but both water and air have been implicated. Mycobacterium kansasi infection is also seen.In severely immune compromised patients this disease can be very difficult to manage as the source is yet unknown.

Lipodystrophy: It is a condition of abnormal fat distribution which has two components -Lipohypertrophy where there is an abnormal central deposition of fat and Lipoatrophy involving the loss of fat in peripheral sites like arms and limbs.

Lipodystrophy can be seen in other chronic conditions as well. In HIV/AIDS patients, it is usually seen as a complication of anti-retroviral therapy. The condition makes the person susceptible to atherosclerosis and diabetes.

Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Transmission to humans occurs primarily by ingestion of undercooked pork or lamb meat that contains tissue cysts, or by exposure to oocysts either through ingestion of contaminated vegetables or direct contact with cat faeces. Other modes of transmission include the transplacental route (from mother to baby), blood product transfusion, and organ transplantation. In patients with a healthy and otherwise normal immune system this infection – even in an acute infection – does not show symptoms. Once ingested, the oocysts spread to different organs and enter the cells, causing destruction and focal necrosis (tissue death in the area where the cysts have invaded the organ). The immune reaction converts these foci into tissue cysts.

Toxoplasmosis associated with HIV infection is typically caused by reactivation of a chronic infection and is seen primarily as toxoplasmic encephalitis. This disease is an important cause of brain lesions in HIV-infected patients. Characteristically, toxoplasmic encephalitis is seen in a patient with moderate severity and one of the classic symptoms or effects of this condition is that a small part of the patient’s brain is affected (also called focal neurologic effects) by the presence of the cyst. This is normally accompanied by headaches, altered mental status, and fever. The most common focal neurologic signs are motor weakness and speech disturbances. The patients may also suffer from seizures, cranial nerve abnormalities, visual field defects, sensory disturbances, cerebellar dysfunction, meningismus (symptoms like meningitis but without the infection of the meninges), movement disorders, and neuropsychiatric manifestations like schizophrenia, hallucinations etc.
Toxoplasmosis is a rarely fatal form of diffuse encephalitis. Treatment is similar for both healthy as well as for patients with HIV/AIDS. However, it may be necessary to continue medication even after the condition is resolved and administer maintenance therapy for longer times in patients with HIV/AIDS.
Progressive leuco-encephalopathy: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare disease of the brain involving the white matter and caused by the JC virus (John Cunningham virus). It occurs almost exclusively in people with immune deficiency including those with HIV/AIDS. In patients not on anti-retroviral therapy, death occurs in almost 95% of patients within 4 to 6 months after diagnosis. With the widespread adoption of therapy, the incidence of PML has decreased substantially. Also, patients now show a prolonged survival rate (almost 2 years). All treatments for this disease are experimental and there is no known standardized protocol for cure or remission. Intensive antiretroviral therapy is the cornerstone of treatment.


Category (Sexuality & Venereal Disorders)  |   Views (2716)  |  User Rating
Rate It


Browse Archive