ARTIFICIAL OXYGEN : GREATEST INVENTION OF THIS CENTURY
DRNAKIPURIA.GMAIL.COM
Oxygen is most important gas for our life on this earth or inside sea or in open sky or moutains if lack of oxygen either not present in surrounding as on himalayan heights,space,moon,mars,saturn planet or inside sea or even in suffocated gathering or chowcked halls or leakage of gas during industrial pollutions,nuclear or bomb explosions ,it leads to severe respiratory distrss and if not rescued or provided oxygen in minutes we can die.Oxygen not going inside our lung during drowning or chocking or smoothering or hanging condition or where our respiratory effort is paralysed due to diseases of lung,thoracic cage or brain or any other metabolic disease or even reaching lung but not circulated by blood to our different body parts as in cardiac failure or many congenital shunts or advanced multi system failure condition if no or less oxygen no beaking of glucose particles in cell so no production of ATPS in mitochondria or no production of energy cell to perform different function of cell/tissue/organ/system or Body resulting in death.
Therefore,oxygen is very imortant for our survival or survival of every living particles ,even plant who can utilise carbon dioxide for nutrition need oxygen too but all animals need it badly even if oxygen but either oxygen carrying pipe or trachea blocked or diseases or lung where change of gas (oxygen in,carbon di oxide out)happens is diseases or red blood cells or RBCs are less in number then oxygen deprivation occurs so if BLOOD IS LET OUT as in anaemic condition where replaced by water or during surgery or during accident or crush injuries then our body needs BLOOD immediately to carry oxygen to our different cells but if Blood not available person may die even supplying excessive oxygen .
Therefore scientist all over the world are trying hard to manufacture a particle like RBC OR BLOOD which can carry oxygen to our body if injected inside our body and if such substance instead of getting blood through lung after travelling from our nose and air pipe,trachea to lung if this particle can be oaded with oxygen outside body in laboratory then it will help us in two ways in serious emergency life saving condition,first BLOOD OR RBC not required second even whole respiratory tract not working even then as there will be no need of ventilators in icu for few minutes to hrs ,thee particles will carry oxygen to heart(so heart will not stop)to Brain (so all vital centres will work) to kidneys (waste secreted)to Liver and intestines so all metabolic process will remain intact.
SUCH PARTICLES HAS BEEN INVENTED AND IT WILL BE USED BY ASTRAUNOTS FOR ITS SPACE PROGRAMME TOO and such particles has been developed by nano technology so every few amount will be needed to make our survival possible for minutes to hr only.
A team at Boston Children�s Hospital have invented a micro-particle that can be injected into your bloodstream to oxygenate your blood � without any help being required from your lungs.

The particles are able to keep a patient alive for up to 30 minutes after respiratory failure � which is normally enough time to prevent a heart attack or brain damage due to oxygen deprivation.

Each particle contains three to four times more oxygen than each of our own red blood cells. The oxygen is stored with a cell membrane made of fat. The membrane can be made of other materials but one issue in the past was that the particles became lodged in the body�s capillaries. These fat membranes however, are much more flexible and prevent this problem from happening.

Dr. John Kheir first began looking at ways to oxygenate the blood without breathing due to a tragic experience with one of his patients, a young girl. She was suffering from pneumonia and at one point her lungs started to fill with blood. It took 25 minutes to remove the blood from her lungs, but unfortunately it wasn�t enough time to prevent a cardiac arrest, leaving the girl in a serious condition which eventually lead to her death.

Potential uses for the new technology include medical, military and private. Military uses could include covert teams being able to stay submerged for 30 minutes at a time without having to come up for air. Private sector could include rescue teams being better protected, or an oil rig crew being able to fix underwater damage without the need for scuba equipment.

Introduction
Bowel cancer is a general term for cancer that begins in the large bowel. Depending on where the cancer starts, bowel cancer is sometimes called colon cancer or rectal cancer.
Symptoms of bowel cancer include blood in your stools (faeces), an unexplained change in your bowel habits, such as prolonged diarrhoea or constipation, and unexplained weight loss.
Cancer can sometimes start in the small bowel (small intestine), but small bowel cancer is much rarer than large bowel cancer.
Who is affected by bowel cancer?
Bbowel cancer is the third most common type of cancer.
Approximately 72% of bowel cancer cases develop in people who are 65 or over. Two-thirds of bowel cancers develop in the colon, with the remaining third developing in the rectum.
Who's at risk?
Things that increase your risk of getting bowel cancer include:
Age � around 72% of people diagnosed with bowel cancer are over 65
Diet � a diet high in fibre and low in saturated fat could reduce your bowel cancer risk, a diet high in red or processed meats can increase your risk
Healthy weight � leaner people are less likely to develop bowel cancer than obese people
Exercise � being inactive increases the risk of getting bowel cancer
Alcohol and smoking � high alcohol intake and smoking may increase your chances of getting bowel cancer
Family history and inherited conditions � aving a close relative with bowel cancer puts you at much greater risk of developing the disease.
Related conditions � having certain bowel conditions can put you more at risk of getting bowel cancer
Bowel cancer screening
Currently, everyone between the ages of 60 and 69 should go for bowel cancer screening every two years.
Screening is carried out by taking a small stool sample and testing it for the presence of blood (faecal occult blood test).
In addition, an extra screening test is being introduced over the next three years for all people at age 55. This test involves a camera examination of the lower bowel called a flexible sigmoidoscopy.
Screening plays an important part in the fight against bowel cancer because the earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the greater the chance it can be cured completely.
Treatment and outlook
Bowel cancer can be treated using a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and, in some cases, biological therapy. As with most types of cancer, the chance of a complete cure depends on how far the cancer has advanced by the time it is diagnosed.
If bowel cancer is diagnosed in its earliest stages, the chance of surviving a further five years is 90%, and a complete cure is usually possible. However, bowel cancer diagnosed in its most advanced stage only has a five-year survival rate of 6% and a complete cure is unlikely.
Signs and symptoms of bowel cancer
Early bowel cancer may have no symptoms and some symptoms of later bowel cancer can also occur in people with less serious medical problems, such as haemorrhoids(piles).
See Dr. B C Shah if you notice any of the symptoms below.
The initial symptoms of bowel cancer include:
Blood in your stools (faeces) or bleeding from your rectum
A change to your normal bowel habits that persists for more than three weeks, such as diarrhoea, constipation or passing stools more frequently than usual
Abdominal pain
Unexplained weight loss
As bowel cancer progresses, it can sometimes cause bleeding inside the bowel. Eventually, this can lead to your body not having enough red blood cells. This is known as anaemia.
Symptoms of anaemia include:
Fatigue
Breathlessness
In some cases, bowel cancer can cause an obstruction in the bowel. Symptoms of a bowel obstruction include:
A feeling of bloating, usually around the belly button
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Vomiting
When to seek medical advice
Visit Dr. B C Shah if you have any of the symptoms above. While the symptoms are unlikely to be the result of bowel cancer, these types of symptoms always need to be investigated further.
Causes of bowel cancer
Cancer occurs when the cells in a certain area of your body divide and multiply too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour.
Most cases of bowel cancer first develop inside clumps of cells on the inner lining of the bowel. These clumps are known as polyps. However, if you develop polyps, it does not necessarily mean you will get bowel cancer.
Exactly what causes cancer to develop inside the bowel is still unknown. However, research has shown several factors may make you more likely to develop it.
Family history
There is evidence that bowel cancer can run in families. Around 20% of people who develop bowel cancer have a close relative (mother, father, brother or sister) or a second-degree relative (grandparent, uncle or aunt) who have also had bowel cancer.
It is estimated that if you have one close relative with a history of bowel cancer, your risk of getting bowel cancer is doubled. If you have two close relatives with a history of bowel cancer, your risk increases four-fold.
Diet
A large body of evidence suggests a diet high in red and processed meat can increase your risk of developing bowel cancer. For this reason, the Department of Health advises people who eat more than 90 grams (cooked weight) of red and processed meat a day to cut down to 70 grams.
There is also good evidence that a diet high in fibre and low in saturated fat could help reduce your bowel cancer risk. Cancer experts think this is because this type of diet encourages regular bowel movements.
Smoking
People who smoke cigarettes are 25% more likely to develop bowel cancer, other types of cancer and heart disease than people who do not smoke.
Alcohol
A major study, called the EPIC study, showed alcohol was associated with bowel cancer risk. Even small amounts of alcohol can put you at higher risk of getting bowel cancer. The EPIC study found that for every two units of alcohol a person drinks each day, their risk of bowel cancer goes up by 8%.
Obesity
Obesity is linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer. Obese men are 50% more likely to develop bowel cancer than people with a healthy weight. Morbidly obese men, who have a body mass index (BMI) of over 40, are twice as likely to develop bowel cancer.
Obese women have a small increased risk of developing the condition, and morbidly obese women are 50% more likely to develop bowel cancer than women with a healthy weight.
Inactivity
People who are physically inactive have a higher risk of developing bowel cancer. You can help reduce your risk of bowel and other cancers by being physically active every day. Your risk could be cut by up to one-fifth if you do an hour of vigorous exercise every day or two hours of moderate exercise (such as vacuum cleaning or brisk walking).
Digestive disorders
Some conditions may put you at a higher risk of developing bowel cancer. People with Crohn�s disease are 2-3 times more likely to develop bowel cancer. The risk of developing bowel cancer is much higher in people with ulcerative colitis, and as many as 1 in 20 of these people will go on to develop it.
Genetic conditions
There are two rare inherited conditions that can cause bowel cancer. They are:
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome
FAP affects 1 in 10,000 people. The condition triggers the growth of non-cancerous polyps inside the bowel. Although the polyps are non-cancerous, there is a high risk that, over time, at least one will turn cancerous. Almost all people with FAP will have bowel cancer by the time they are 50 years of age.
People with FAP have such a high risk of getting bowel cancer, they are often advised to have their large bowel removed by surgery before they reach the age of 25. Families affected can find support and advice from the FAP registry at St Mark�s Hospital, London.
HNPCC is a type of bowel cancer caused by a mutated gene. An estimated 2-5% of all cases of bowel cancer are due to HNPCC. Around 90% of men and 70% of women with the
As with FAP, removing the bowel as a precautionary measure is usually recommended in people with HNPCC.
Diagnosing bowel cancer
When you first see Dr. B C Shah he will ask about your symptoms and whether you have a family history of bowel cancer.
Dr. B C Shah will then carry out a physical examination known as a digital rectal examination (DRE). A DRE involves Dr. B C Shah gently placing a finger into your anus, and then up into your rectum.
A DRE is a useful way of checking whether there is a noticeable lump inside your rectum. This is found in an estimated 40-80% of cases of rectal cancer.
A DRE is not painful, but some people may find it a little embarrassing.
If your symptoms suggest you may have bowel cancer, or the diagnosis is uncertain, you will be referred to your local hospital for further examination.
Further examination
Two tests are commonly used to confirm a diagnosis of bowel cancer:
A sigmoidoscopy is an examination of your rectum and some of your large bowel.
A colonoscopy is an examination of all of your large bowel.
Sigmoidoscopy
A sigmoidoscopy uses a device called a sigmoidoscope, which is a thin, flexible tube attached to a small camera and light.
The sigmoidoscope is inserted into your rectum and then up into your bowel. The camera relays images to a monitor. This allows the doctor to check for any abnormal areas within the rectum or bowel that could be the result of cancer.
A sigmoidoscopy can also be used to remove small samples of suspected cancerous tissue so they can be tested in the lab. This is known as a biopsy.
A sigmoidoscopy is not usually painful, but can feel uncomfortable. Most people go home after the examination has been completed.
Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is similar to a sigmoidoscopy except a longer tube, called a colonoscope, is used to examine your entire bowel.
Your bowel needs to be empty when a colonoscopy is performed, so you will be given a special diet to eat for a few days before the examination and a laxative (medication to help empty your bowel) on the morning of the examination.
You will be given a sedative to help you relax, after which the doctor will insert the colonoscope into your rectum and move it along the length of your large bowel. As with a sigmoidoscope, the colonoscope can be used to obtain a biopsy, as well as relaying images of any abnormal areas.
A colonoscopy usually takes about one hour to complete, and most people can go home once they have recovered from the effects of the sedative. After the procedure, you will probably feel drowsy for a while, so arrange for someone to accompany you home.
Further testing
If a diagnosis of bowel cancer is confirmed, further testing is usually carried out for two reasons:
to check if the cancer has spread from the bowel to other parts of the body
to help decide on the most effective treatment for you
These tests can include:
A computerised tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to provide a detailed image of your bowel and other organs
Ultrasound scans, which can be used to look inside other organs, such as your liver, to see if the cancer has spread there
Chest X-rays, which can be used to assess the state of your heart and lungs
Blood tests to detect a special protein, known as a tumour marker, released by the cancerous cells in some cases of bowel cancer
Staging and grading
Once the above examinations and tests have been completed, it should be possible to determine the stage and grade of your cancer. Staging refers to how far your cancer has advanced. Grading relates to how aggressive and likely to spread your cancer is.
Stage 1 � the cancer is still contained within the lining of the bowel or rectum
Stage 2 � the cancer has spread into the layer of muscle surrounding the bowel
Stage 3 � the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes
Stage 4 � the cancer has spread into another part of the body, such as the liver
This is a simplified guide. Stage 2 is divided into further categories called A and B and stage 3 is divided into A, B and C.
There are three grades of bowel cancer:
Grade 1 is a cancer that grows slowly and has a low chance of spreading beyond the bowel
Grade 2 is a cancer that grows moderately and has a medium chance of spreading beyond the bowel
Grade 3 is a cancer that grows rapidly and has a high chance of spreading beyond the bowel
If you are not sure what stage or grade of cancer you have, ask your doctor.
Treating bowel cancer
People with bowel cancer should be cared for by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). This is a team of specialists who work together to provide the best treatment and care.
The team often consists of a Dr. B C Shah, an oncologist (a radiotherapy and chemotherapy specialist), a radiologist, pathologist, radiographer and a specialist nurse. Other members may include a physiotherapist, dietitian and occupational therapist, and you may have access to clinical psychology support.
When deciding what treatment is best for you, your doctors will consider:
The type and size of the cancer
Your general health
Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body
What grade it is
There are several treatments for bowel cancer, including:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Biological therapy
Surgery is usually the main treatment for bowel cancer, but in about one in five cases, the cancer is too advanced to be removed by surgery. If you have surgery, you may also need chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological therapy, depending on your particular case.
Your treatment plan
Your recommended treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of your bowel cancer.
If the cancer is confined to your rectum, radiotherapy will usually be used to shrink the tumour, then surgery may be used to remove the tumour. Sometimes, radiotherapy is combined with chemotherapy, which is known as chemoradiation.
If you have stage 1 bowel cancer, it should be possible to surgically remove the cancer and no further treatment will be required.
If you have stage 2 or 3 bowel cancer, surgery may be used to remove the cancer and, in some cases, nearby lymph nodes. Surgery is usually followed by a course of chemotherapy to stop the cancer returning.
It is not usually possible to cure stage 4 (advanced) cancer. However, symptoms can be controlled and the spread of the cancer can be slowed using a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and biological therapy where appropriate.
Preventing bowel cancer
There are several ways to reduce your risk of developing bowel cancer.
Diet
Research suggests a low-fat, high-fibre diet that includes plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (at least five portions a day) and wholegrains can help reduce your risk of getting bowel cancer. It can also reduce your risk of developing other types of cancer and heart disease.
It is recommended you do not eat a lot of processed meat and red meat. The Department of Health advises people who eat more than 90 grams (cooked weight) of red and processed meat a day to cut down to 70 grams. .
Exercise
There is strong evidence to suggest regular exercise can lower the risk of developing bowel and other cancers.
It is recommended adults exercise for at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (i.e. cycling or fast walking) every week.
Healthy weight
Try to maintain a healthy weight. Changes to your diet and an increase in physical activities will help keep your weight under control. Find out if you are a healthy weight with the Healthy weight calculator.
Smoking
If you smoke, giving up will reduce your risk of developing bowel and other cancers.
Dr. B C Shah can also provide help, support and advice if you want to give up smoking.
How screening for bowel cancer works
Bowel cancer can be present for a long time before any symptoms appear. If bowel cancer is detected before symptoms appear, it is easier to treat and there is a better chance of surviving the disease.
Screening for bowel cancer called an FOBt (faecal occult blood test) is done at a pathology Lab. A tiny stool samples on a special card. The card is then checked at the laboratory for traces of blood.
Results
There are three types of result:
Normal: no blood was found in the samples. Screening will be offered again in two years� time.
Unclear: there were possible traces of blood that could be caused by factors other than cancer, such as haemorrhoids (piles) or stomach ulcers. If you have an unclear result, you will be asked to repeat the test kit up to twice more.
Abnormal: blood was definitely found in the samples. Again, this could be from piles or bowel polyps(small growths not usually cancerous). If you have an abnormal result, you will be offered an appointment with Dr. B C Shah to discuss having an examination of the bowel, called a colonoscopy.
Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is an investigation of the lining of the large bowel (colon). A thin flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end is passed into your bottom and guided around the bowel. Only around 2 in every 100 people completing the FOBt kit will have an abnormal result and will be offered a colonoscopy. Of those who have a colonoscopy, only about one in 10 will have cancer.
New screening test
As well as the FOBt described above, an additional screening test is being rolled out by 2016. This involves inviting people at age 55 to have a one-off flexible sigmoidoscopy test to examine the lower bowel with a camera.
If the flexible sigmoidoscopy shows polyps, the person will then be offered a full colonoscopy . Both FOBt and flexible sigmoidoscopy screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying of bowel cancer.
Living with bowel cancer
Being diagnosed with cancer is a tough challenge for most people. There are several ways to find support to help you cope.
Not all of them work for everybody. but one or more should be helpful:
Talk to your friends and family. They can be a powerful support system.
Get in touch with others in the same situation as you
Learn about your condition
Don't try to do too much at once
Make time for yourself.
Talk to others
Dr. B C Shah may be able to reassure you if you have questions, or you may find it helpful to talk to a trained counsellor, psychologist . Dr. B C Shah will have information on these.
Having cancer can cause a range of emotions. These may include shock, anxiety, relief, sadness and depression. Different people deal with serious problems in different ways. It is hard to predict how knowing you have cancer will affect you. However, you and your loved ones may find it helpful to know about the feelings that people diagnosed with cancer have reported.
Recovering from colon or rectal surgery
Surgeons and anaesthetists have found that using an �enhanced recovery programme� after bowel cancer surgery helps patients recover more quickly.
Most hospitals now use this programme. It involves giving you more information before the operation about what to expect, avoiding giving you strong laxatives to clean the bowel before surgery, and in some cases giving you a sugary drink two hours before the operation to give you energy.
During and after the operation, the anaesthetist controls the amount of IV fluid you need very carefully, and after the operation you will be given painkillers that allow you to get up and out of bed by the next day.
Most people will be able to eat a light diet the day after their operation.
To reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis (blood clots in the legs), you may be given special compression stockings that help prevent blood clots, or a regular injection with heparin until you are fully mobile.
A nurse or physiotherapist will help you get out of bed and regain your strength so you can go home again within a few days.
With the enhanced recovery programme, most people are well enough to go home within five to six days of their operation. The timing depends on when you and Dr. B C Shah agree you are well enough to go home.
Coping with colostomy
If you need a colostomy, you may feel worried about how you look and how others will react to you. Information and advice about living with a stoma (including stoma care, stoma products and �stoma-friendly� diets) is available via the ileostomy and colostomy topics.
Diet after bowel surgery
If you have had part of your colon removed, it is likely that your stools (faeces) will be looser because one of the functions of the colon is to absorb water from the stools. This may mean that you experience repeated episodes of diarrhoea
You should inform Dr. B C Shah if diarrhoea becomes a problem because medication is available to help control symptoms.
You may find some foods upset your bowels, particularly during the first few months after your operation.
Different foods can upset different people, but food and drink that is commonly known to cause problems include:
Rich and fatty food
Fruit and vegetables that are high in fibre, such as beans, cabbages, apples and bananas
Fizzy drinks, such as cola and beer
You may find it useful to keep a food diary to record the effects of different foods on your bowel.
If you find that you are having continual problems with your bowels as a result of your diet, and/or you are finding it difficult to maintain a healthy diet, you should contact Dr. B C Shah. You may need to be referred to a dietitian for further advice.
Sex and bowel cancers
Having cancer and its treatment may affect how you feel about relationships and sex. Although most people are able to enjoy a normal sex life after bowel cancer treatment, if you have had a colostomy you may feel self-conscious or uncomfortable.
Talking about how you feel with your partner may help you both to support each other. Or you may feel you�d like to talk to someone else about your feelings. Dr. B C Shah will be able to help.
Financial concerns
A diagnosis of cancer can cause money problems because you are unable to work or someone you are close to has to stop working to look after you.
Dealing with dying
If you are told there is nothing more that can be done to treat your bowel cancer, Dr. B C Shah will still provide you with support and pain relief. This is called palliative care. Support is also available for your family and friends.

Introduction
A dental abscess is a collection of pus that forms in your teeth or gums as a result of a bacterial infection.
The main symptom of a dental abscess is a severe, throbbing pain at the site of the abscess. The pain usually comes on suddenly and then gets gradually worse over a few hours or a few days.
ypes and causes of dental abscesses
There are two types of dental abscess:
periapical abscess � where bacteria infect the inside of the tooth (this is the most common type of dental abscess)
periodontal abscess � where bacteria infect the gums
Both types of dental abscess are caused when bacteria builds up inside your mouth. This usually occurs due to a combination of:
poor dental hygiene � not cleaning your teeth and gums properly and regularly (find out how to brush and floss your teeth)
consuming lots of sugary or starchy food and drink � the carbohydrates in these types of food and drink encourage bacteria to grow
Treating dental abscesses
You should make an appointment with Dr. B C Shah as soon as possible if you think you may have a dental abscess.
He will be able to drain away the pus from the abscess and, if necessary, remove any teeth that have been damaged by the infection.
This type of treatment should not be too painful because local anaesthetic will be used to numb the affected area of your mouth.
Unlike some other types of infection, a dental abscess will not get better on its own and must be treated immediately. With appropriate treatment, the bacterial infection that causes a dental abscess can usually be successfully cured.
Complications of dental abscesses
It is rare for complications to develop as a result of a dental abscess, but they can be serious if they do occur. For example, the infection may spread to nearby bone (osteomyelitis).
Emergency treatment
If you have severe pain, you may need emergency dental treatment. Depending on your individual circumstances, you may need to contact Dr. B C Shah for your treatment.
Symptoms of dental abscess
The main symptom of a dental abscess is an intense, throbbing pain in your affected tooth or area of gum.
The pain usually comes on suddenly and may gradually get worse over a few hours to a few days.
Sometimes, the pain may spread to your ear, lower jaw and neck on the same side as the affected tooth.
Other symptoms
Other symptoms of a dental abscess can include:
Tenderness of your tooth and surrounding area
Sensitivity to very hot or cold food and drink
An unpleasant taste in your mouth
A general feeling of being unwell
Difficulty opening your mouth
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Disturbed sleep
When to seek immediate medical help
The following symptoms can be a sign of the infection spreading to other parts of your body:
Swelling in your face
A high temperature (fever) of 38�C (100.4�F) or above
Severe pain that does not respond to treatment with painkillers
Breathing difficulties
If you develop any of these symptoms you will need to contact Dr. B C Shah immediately.
Causes of dental abscess
A dental abscess occurs when bacteria infect and spread inside a tooth or your gums.
Your mouth is full of bacteria, which combine with small particles of food and saliva to form a sticky film called plaque, which builds up on your teeth.
Eating and drinking food and drink high in carbohydrates (sugary or starchy) causes the bacteria in plaque to turn the carbohydrates into the energy they need to reproduce. Acid is also produced.
The combination of bacteria and excess acid can lead to the formation of a dental abscess. This can either occur when bacteria spread into:
The centre of a tooth (the pulp) through tiny holes in the tooth (dental caries) that are caused by the excess amount of acid � this is known as a periapical abscess and it is the most common type of dental abscess
An area of your gums underneath a tooth � this is known as a periodontal abscess
Periapical abscesses
When a periapical abscess develops, plaque bacteria infect your tooth as a result of dental caries (tiny holes caused by tooth decay) that form in the hard outer layer of your tooth (the enamel).
Dental caries break down the enamel and the softer layer of tissue underneath (dentine) and eventually reach the centre of your tooth (pulp). This is known as pulpitis. The dental pulp in the middle of the tooth dies and the pulp chamber becomes infected.
The bacteria continue to infect the pulp until it reaches the bone that surrounds and supports your tooth (alveolar bone), where the periapical abscess forms.
Periodontal abscesses
A periodontal abscess occurs when plaque bacteria affect your gums, causing severe gum disease (also known as periodontitis).
Periodontitis causes inflammation (redness and swelling) in your gums, which can make the tissue surrounding the root of your tooth separate from the base of your tooth.
The separation creates a tiny gap called a periodontal pocket, which allows bacteria to enter and spread and can be very difficult to keep clean.
The periodontal abscess is formed by the build-up of bacteria in the periodontal pocket. A periodontal abscess may also occur as a result of:
Dental procedures that create accidental periodontal pockets
The use of antibiotics in untreated periodontitis, which can mask the beginnings of an abscess
Gum damage, even if you do not have periodontitis
Risk factors
Risk factors for a dental abscess include:
Poor oral hygiene � if you do not brush your teeth and floss between them regularly, your risk of developing a dental abscess is increased
Having a diet high in sweet and sticky food and drink � such as chocolate, sweets, sugar and fizzy drinks and/or starchy foods, such as crisps, white bread, pretzels and biscuits
Having a weakened immune system � this may be due to having an underlying health condition, such as diabetes, or the side effects of treatments such as steroid medication (corticosteroids) or chemotherapy
Diagnosing a dental abscess
If you think that you may have a dental abscess, you must see Dr. B C Shah as soon as possible.
Dr. B C Shah will carry out some tests to determine whether your symptoms are being caused by a dental abscess. For example, they may:
Tap on the affected tooth or area of gum � if infection is present, your tooth or gum will be sensitive to any pressure
Examine your gums � an infection will usually cause an area of your gums to become red and swollen
Take an X-ray of the affected area to help assess the spread of infection
In some cases, he may be able to confirm a diagnosis by simply asking you about your symptoms.
Referral
Dr. B C Shah may refer you for treatment in hospital if you have a dental abscess and you:
Are feeling unwell with a high temperature, a rapid pulse rate or low blood pressure (hypotension) and rapid breathing
Are in severe pain despite taking painkillers
Have a spreading facial infection
Have a weakened immune system (for example, because you are having treatment such as chemotherapy)
Treating a dental abscess
The only way to cure a dental abscess is with dental treatment.
Dr. B C Shah will treat your abscess using dental procedures and, in some cases, surgery .
Painkillers
A dental abscess can be very painful, but you can use over-the-counter painkillers from your local pharmacy to control the pain while you are waiting for dental treatment.
Ibuprofen is the preferred painkiller for dental abscesses, but if you are unable to take ibuprofen for medical reasons, you can take paracetamol instead.
If one painkiller fails to relieve the pain, taking both paracetamol and ibuprofen at the same time can often be effective (this is safe for adults, but not for children under 16 years of age).
However, you should make sure you leave six hours before taking another combined dose.
Also, always read and follow the information on the packet about how much to take and how often, and do not exceed the maximum stated dose.
Accidental overdoses have been reported in people who take too many painkillers when trying to relieve the pain of a dental abscess.
Painkillers cannot treat or cure a dental abscess, so they should not be used to delay dental treatment.
Follow the advice below to take painkillers safely:
Do not take ibuprofen if you are asthmatic or if you have a stomach ulcer, or you have had one in the past
Do not take more than one painkiller at the same time without first checking with Dr. B C Shah as this can be dangerous because many over-the-counter products contain similar painkillers and it is possible to overdose when combining products
Ibuprofen and paracetamol are both available as liquid preparations for children
Aspirin is not suitable for children under 16 years of age
If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, you should take paracetamol
Self care
Other self care techniques that can help include:
Avoid anything that makes the pain worse, such as hot or cold foods or cold air
Holding cooled water or crushed ice around the tooth can sometimes ease the pain
The pain can often feel worse when you are lying flat, so lying propped up may help ease pain
Dental treatment
The first and most important step in treating a dental abscess is to cut out the abscess and drain away the pus containing the infectious bacteria.
Dr. B C Shah will carry this out under local anaesthetic. This means you will be awake throughout the procedure, but the affected area will be numb so you will feel little to no pain.
If the abscess is inside one of your teeth (a periapical abscess), root canal treatment will usually be recommended. This involves drilling into the affected tooth to release the pus and removing any damaged tissue from the centre (pulp). A filling will then be inserted into the space to prevent further infection.
If there is a pocket of pus inside an area of gum (a periodontal abscess), Dr. B C Shah will drain the pus and clean out the pocket. They will then smooth out the surfaces of the root of your tooth by filing below your gum line to help your tooth heal and prevent further infection.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are not routinely prescribed to treat dental abscess because:
Draining the abscess is a more effective treatment
Using antibiotics to treat non-serious infections makes them less effective at treating more serious infections (this is known as antibiotic resistance)
Antibiotics are usually only required if:
There are signs that the infection is spreading, such as swelling of your face or neck
You have a weakened immune system
If antibiotics are required, an antibiotic called amoxicillin is usually recommended. If you are allergic to amoxicillin, which is a type of penicillin, metronidazole can usually be prescribed as a precaution.
Reoccurring infection
If you have a periapical abscess and your infection reoccurs, you may need to undergo a surgery to remove any further diseased tissue.
If you have a periodontal abscess and your infection reoccurs, Dr. B C Shah will surgically be able to reshape your gum tissue to permanently remove the periodontal pocket.
In some cases, a dental abscess infection can reoccur even after dental and surgical procedures. If this happens, or if your tooth is severely broken down, it may need to be removed altogether (extracted).
Complications of a dental abscess
With appropriate dental treatment, a dental abscess can usually be easily cured. However, in rare cases, complications can occur.
Most complications arise due to the spread of the bacterial infection when an abscess is left untreated. Some possible complications are outlined below.
Dental cysts
If a dental abscess is left untreated, a fluid-filled cavity may develop at the bottom of the root of your tooth. This is known as a dental cyst.
If a cyst becomes infected, treatment with antibiotics may be needed. A dental cyst can be surgically removed under local anaesthetic (where the affected area is numbed).
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone. It is caused by the bacteria in a dental abscess spreading through your bloodstream.
Osteomyelitis can cause symptoms such as fever, nausea (feeling sick) and severe pain in the affected bone, which can often be in the area surrounding a dental abscess.
However, as the infection is spread through your blood, it is possible for it to affect any bone in your body. Osteomyelitis can be treated by taking oral antibiotics or injecting them into a vein.
Sinusitis
Sinusitis is an infection of the small air-filled cavities inside your skull.
It is usually the cavities behind your cheekbones that can become infected as a complication of a dental abscess. These are known as the maxillary sinuses.
Symptoms of sinusitis include:
A blocked or runny nose
Facial pain and tenderness
A high temperature (fever) of 38�C (100.4�F) or above
Sinusitis often clears up without treatment but, if necessary, antibiotics may be prescribed.

FRUITS WE EAT �HOW ARE THEY SAFE ON HEALTH GROUNDS;--
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Since ancient time Fruits are the important meal or refresher nutrient of Human as it is easily available most natural food without any toxicity or harm to our body beside its easy availability,no need of processing before eating and in rarest place like �VAN OR FOREST� where human race use to live and walk around for day to day activities and lifehood without any price or economical burden.In modern times as cities and town formed at cost of deforestation ,fruits and vegetables the most wanted non animal Biological food product beame commercially cultivated and preserved beside its occasional presence in some households particular in villages or their farm House or Bagans or courtyard.
Now a days,as science and health awareness progress with economical developments fruits and vegetables are consumed more frequently and markets are flooded with them.As Modern Human nature,he wants to eat the things which are newly arrived or Fruits and vegetables which are unseasonale as Mango,Licchi in month of FEB-JUNE,Grapes in june to September beside this he wants to take fruits as many Indian like fruits from from Italy,Japan,Usa,china etc rather that Indian Variety is alco available.These unseasonale fruits and vegetables are available as preserved packed food from last year in COLD STORAGE,BIG FREEDZES OR COLD CHAIN or mostly unripe fruits plucked from trees much before thei ripening time.
There are two types of fruits,one fruit ripe only on plants or trees another are Climacteric fruits like mango, banana, papaya, sapota and custard apple are often harvested in a mature but unripe condition and then subsequently allowed to ripen by natural release of ripening hormone by commercial using Ethylene Gas or by use of Calcium Carbide or smoking in each box /container of fruits commercially. However, natural ripening in some fruits is a slow process, which leads to high weight loss, desiccation of fruits and uneven ripening.

Use of Calcium Carbide:-
It is mostly used method for ripening of fruits like Mango,Bananna,Licchi,Pappaya,Apples,Grapes,oranges etc.In small box a packet of 50-100gs of calcium carbide is kept along with food and box is closed,calcium carbide will absorb water from environment and will produce Acetylene gas which causes artificial ripening of food by producing heat inside box.Some traders ripen fruits like banana in enclosed chambers where large quantities of calcium carbide is put and water sprinkled before sealing the chambers. Though the released acetylene triggers ripening process in fruits, it is an inflammable gas involving risk of fire hazards.However, calcium carbide contains chemical impurities such as arsenic hydride and phosphorus hydride that are highly carcinogenic compounds. Improper use of calcium carbide can therefore cause chemical contamination of fresh produce. Further fruits ripened with calcium carbide though develop attractive surface colour, are inferior in taste, flavour and spoil faster.These fruits are soft as starch turns into sugar by heat ,often uniform in color,may have black patches or multiple colors or completely yellowish(Mangoes and Bannanss ),Some time usually rotten from inside ,apply few drops of iodine if it remains yellow means food is rotten as starch or fresh fruit will turn it blue from yellw.Government of India has banned the use of calcium carbide for ripening of fruits under PFA Act 8-44 AA, 1954.
But inspite of every good warning we are so much eager to eat Fruits and vegetables pretimely and prematurally that we donot mind whether these are asfe for our helath or not,Arsenic phosphorus ,calcium carbide beside producing ill effects on our Gastro Intestinal tract,Liver,Kidneys and skin can produce cancer of lung,liver etc.
Alternatives safe method of ripening fruits;
Ethrel or ethaphon (2-chloroethane phosphonic acid) is a commercially available plant growth regulator, which is a source of ethylene similar to that naturally released by fruits during ripening process. Although dipping of fruits in diluted ethrel solution is recommended for enhancing ripening, it is a cumbersome process and may cause some problems if commercially available ethrel contains chemical impurities. Further, Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI) in its advise issued during May 2010 permits only the use of ethylene in gaseous form for artificial ripening of fruits.

To overcome such expensive artificial ripening which is mostly adapted in developed nations like USA,UK,CANADA,JAPAN etc, An alternative simple method is standardized for enhancing the ripening process by exposing the fruits to ethylene gas released from ethrel/ethephon solution. This is a simple method wherein small quantity of alkali is added to ethrel to release the ethylene gas and the fruits are exposed to this liberated gas in air-tight portable plastic tents. In this method the fruits are placed in ventilated plastic crates inside air-tight plastic tents of known volume. Required/calculated quantity of ethrel is taken into a container and placed inside the tents to which required quantity of alkali (Sodium hydroxide) is added for releasing the ethylene gas from ethrel solution and the tents are sealed air tight immediately. A small battery operated fan can be placed inside the tent for uniform circulation of released ethylene gas. After 18-24 hours of exposure the fruits are taken out for completing the ripening process at room temperature or 18-24�C especially for Robusta banana. Using dessert coolers during ripening at room temperature would help to reduce the temperature and increase the relative humidity thereby reducing the weight loss.Mango fruits exposed to 100 ppm ethylene gas for 24 hrs can be ripened in 5 days as compared to 10 days in non-treated fruits without adversely affecting the quality. Similarly banana bunches/hands exposed to 100 ppm ethylene gas for 18 hours can be ripened in 4 days at RT and 6 days at 20�C. Papaya fruits exposed to ethylene gas ripened with uniform surface colour and uniform firmness in 4 days at ambient temperature. Therefore, use of ethylene is suggested as a safe alternative to calcium carbide for ripening of climacteric fruits.

But even use of ethylene gas commercially used in modern ripening chambers as written above and widely practiced in developed nations which requires huge investment and is not economical for farmers or small traders so in our country most of farmers,marketing people and Sabji Mandi and Fruitsellers and even road side hawkers and feriwala all use Calcium carbide for ripening of fruits(one kg of calcium carbide cost Rs.25/- and can ripe 10 tons of Fruits) as regulating authorities,Food safety,hygiene departments and analysts hardly work on ground and all kept mum for bribes and kickbacks so use of such contaminated fruits are widely prevalent in society and have acquired almost in legal daily business of crore,causing so open day light Health hazards to mass and every affluent,middle and poor class of our country equally and SELF AWARENESS and CONTROLof taking such Fruits and vegetables pretimely and prematurally in unseason period ,now a days conscious people even donot use fruits and vegetables grown using manures and fertilizers mixed with spray of insecticides and pesticide,they simple use fruits and vegetables either grown in their field or from a known company where fruits and vegetables are neither riped nor grown by use of fertilizers that is called ORGANIC PURE NATURL FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.SO WE SHOULD NOT EAT SUCH UNSEASONAL FRUITS AND EVEN EATING THEN WASH IT 2-3 TIMES IN PURE TAP WATER OR COOLED BOILED WATER BEFORE EATING.It is high time that our government should lay high standard of food hygiene and toxicity standards with repeated cinspections,raids and catching blackmarketers but all are sleeping in corruption pushing HUMAN RACE TO SUCH FATAL OUTCOMES

We know the extraordinary curing power of Homeopathic medicine. But whatsoever problem is all� regarding the use of this medicine. Selection of accurate medicine from thousands of medicines �many a times, it is not possible. Moreover, in the present day� most of human being�s constitution is so much morbid, �has reached to such complicated level, that many times complete cure (recovery) is not possible by one or two medicines. It is also problem in use of more medicines. In many cases, hopeful result is not gotten, by even application of correct medicine �following the symptoms and also causation.

Man is not ready, to accept defeat� give up, so s/he is engrossed in continuous meditation, in search of accurate path. An excellent result of such meditation is� �MahaPathy�. MahaPathy is not �Maha� (great) in only from �MahaManas� namely form, its greatness is in its extraordinary efficacy� its philosophy and science.

Homeopathic medicine is a great mystery �great surprise, to us. We are using homeopathic medicine for a long time, but before this, we did not know �actually what is Homeopathic medicine, in what way it works in our body. With grace of MahaManas, that mystery of the Homeopathic medicine has been unveiled in this book. Let�s say along with that, noticing the beautiful recovery (cure) power of MahaPathy, we some of the student of MahaManas �are trying collecting every patient�s main symptoms of the disease, along with that , their constitutional symptom, and collecting their medicines, classifying them in some categories. So that in future, in case of similar types of patients of those categories �with help of previously prepared medicines of those categories patients, treatment is possible with less expense. We have named this treatment procedure� �MPathy�. This is a short form of �MahaPathy�. Again, the empathy �the case of similar feeling is also in it.

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