HIV vaccine development necessary for a durable end to AIDS / HIV

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Broader global access to lifesaving antiretroviral therapies and wider implementation of proven HIV prevention strategies could potentially control and perhaps end the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, a safe and at least moderately effective HIV vaccine is needed to reach this goal more expeditiously and in a more sustainable way, according to a new commentary from Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, and colleague Hilary D. Marston, M.D., M.P.H.

In the piece, the authors note that behavioral, cultural and legal factors have hindered HIV prevention and treatment efforts and explain why those factors necessitate the development of an HIV vaccine. Although attempts to develop a vaccine have so far proven disappointing, recent advances offer encouraging areas for HIV vaccine researchers to pursue, according to the authors. Notably, the discovery of naturally occurring broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV and studies of their stimulation in infected individuals have opened new avenues in vaccine development. Using improved understanding of those antibodies and the specific sites on HIV to which they bind, the natural process of antibody evolution could be replicated and greatly expedited allowing protection against initial infection. Significant advances also have been made in understanding T-cell responses that may be important to vaccine-induced immunity against HIV.

The authors conclude that "the HIV prevention community should hold fast to its commitment to vaccine science. Ultimately, we believe, the only guarantee of a sustained end of the AIDS pandemic lies in a combination of nonvaccine prevention methods and the development and deployment of a safe and sufficiently effective HIV vaccine."

HIV /AIDS: IF CD4s Are High, A Multivitamin WITH SELENIUM Slows HIV Without ARVs

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A particular combination of multivitamins along with selenium slows HIV disease progression among those who are treatment naive and have a CD4 count above 350, aidsmap reports. Publishing their findings in the Journal of the American Medical Lab Technician Associasion
tion, researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 878 treatment-naive people in Botswana between 2004 and 2009.

The median CD4 count among the participants was 420 at the beginning of the study; one in three of them had CD4s above 500. All were asymptomatic, had HIV-1 subtype C and had a normal body weight.

The participants were randomized to four groups to take different daily regimens over a 24-month period. One took a placebo. The second took daily multivitamins (B vitamins and vitamins C and E). The third took just selenium. And the last took the multivitamins and selenium.

Those who took just the multivitamins or who took them along with selenium were significantly less likely to have their CD4s drop below 250. Taking both the multivitamins and selenium lowered the risk of CD4s falling below 350.

There were no adverse side effects. Ninety percent of the participants adhered very well to the regimen, taking at least 96 percent of their doses.

HIV /AIDS VIRAL LOAD AND HIV TRANSMISSION RISK

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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HIV /AIDS IS CONTROLLED BY GOOD ARV OR ANTI RETROVIRAL MEDICINES AND AS WE START TTAKING MEDICINES REGULARLY WE FIND THAT OUR HIV QUANTITY IN OUR BODY IS DIMINISHED OR OUR VIRAL LOAD BECOMES LESS AND IT IS BELOW 50COPIES/ML OF BLOOD WE ASSUME THAT OUR VIRUS IN BODY IS VERY LESS AND NOW EVEN IF WE MEET OUR SEX PARTNER WITHOUT CONDOM RISK OF TRANSMISSION TO HIV NEGATIVE PARTNER IS MINIMAL BUT RISK BY BLOOD MIXING IS STILL IN GOOD PERCENTAGE.SO FOR HAVING CHILDREN SEX MAY BE ALLOWED ONCE OR TWICE WITHOUT CONDOM IN SERODISCORDANT (ONEPOSITIVE ANOTHER NEGATIVE) OR BOTH POSITIVES IF BOTH HAVE MINIMAL VIRAL LOAD BUT NOT MUCH SEX WITHOUT CONDOM ALLOWED AS IN BOTH POSITIVE TWO VARIETY OF HIV VIRUS OR GENOYPE MIX AND MAY CAUSE IT RESISTANT TO DRUG IN ONE PARTNER.
HOW MUCH TRUE IS ABOVE STATEMENT IS DEFINED BY STUDY DONE BELOW.
A January 2008 statement by the Swiss Federal AIDS Commission sparked considerable controversy, suggesting that HIV positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy who are fully adherent, maintain an undetectable viral load (below 40 copies/mL) for at least six months, and have no concurrent sexually transmitted infections are "not sexually infectious" (at least via heterosexual vaginal intercourse).

At the Mexico City conference, commission president Pietro Vernazza maintained that under the specific circumstances described, unprotected sex with a person with undetectable viral load carried a risk similar to that of sex using a condom: not 100% safe, but within a "comfortable range." But the risk is not non-existent, given that people on effective therapy may experience occasional transient viral load increases, or "blips," and that HIV may be present in genital and anal secretions even if it is undetectable in the blood.

As described in the July 26, 2008, issue of The Lancet, Australian researchers used a mathematical model to quantify the small transmission risk under the circumstances described in the Swiss statement. Assuming that each couple engaged in 100 sexual acts per year, they calculated the cumulative annual probability of transmission as .22% for female-to-male transmission, .43% for male-to-female transmission, and 4.3% for male-to-male transmission. In a population of 10,000 serodiscordant couples, this would translate to 215 expected instances of female-to-male transmission, 425 instance of male-to-female transmission, and 3,524 instances of male-to-male transmissionabout four times greater than the risk when using condoms.

"Although we agree that effective antiretroviral treatment which leads to undetectable viral load is likely to have a substantial effect on reducing infectiousness," the researchers concluded, "our analyses suggest that it should not replace condoms."

HIV/AIDS.HEPAITIS B & HEPATITIS C RISK AFTER EXPOSURE TO INFECTED SOURCE ACCIDENTALLY :HOW TO PROTECT ONESELF AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL IT.

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An exposure can be defined as a percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or with dermatitis) with blood, saliva, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious Exposure incidents might place any time mostly of persons living contact (Family and social members),health personne treating them or accidentally other man coming in contact with different items used by infected persons as razor,blade,handerkerchief,bed,toilet sheet ,common water tub eating or drinking or using their clothes or meeting or talking or hugging or kissing them risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
In this regard it should be clear that hugging,using clothe using toilet sheet shaking hnds,eating or drinking with same glass or plate or using swimming tub or aircooler or room or bed or house or even kissing except very large oozing cut in mouth or skin and persons coming in direct contact with ozing but not old spatted blood of 30 minutes or more blood,semen,vaginal fluid,milk (not transmitting HCV),any body excertion except saliva,sweat or tear(very minimum)never transmit these diseases.TRANSMISSION BY AIR,WATER CONTACT WITH FOOD,CLOTHES,INSECT BITE,ANIMAL BITES NEVER OCCURS EVEN ANIMAL HIV ,HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS DOESNOT AFFECT HUMAN AS IT IS SPECIES SPECIFIC BUT OTHER STDs may transmit.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):Health care workers who have received hepatitis B vaccine and have developed immunity to the virus are at virtually no risk for infection. For an unvaccinated person, the risk from a single needlestick or a cut exposure to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6%–30% and depends on the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the source individual. Individuals who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBeAg positive have more virus in their blood and are more likely to transmit HBV.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV);Based on limited studies, the estimated risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approximately 1.8%. The risk following a blood splash is unknown but is believed to be very small; however, HCV infection from such an exposure has been reported.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV);The average risk for HIV infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HlV-infected blood is 0.3% (about 1 in 300). Stated another way, 99.7% of needlestick/cut exposures to HIV-contaminated blood do not lead to infection.The risk after exposure of the eye, nose, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is estimated to be, on average, 0.1% (1 in 1,000).
The risk after exposure of the skin to HlV-infected blood is estimated to be less than 0.1%. A small amount of blood on intact skin probably poses no risk at all. There have been no documented cases of HIV transmission due to an exposure involving a small amount of blood on intact skin (a few drops of blood on skin for a short period of time). The risk may be higher if the skin is damaged (for example, by a recent cut), if the contact involves a large area of skin, or if the contact is prolonged.
What should be done following an occupational exposure?
Wounds and skin sites that have been in contact with blood or body fluids should be washed with soap and water; mucous membranes should be flushed with water. Immediate evaluation must be performed by a qualified health care professional.
There is no prophlactic medicine for hepatitis B for that precautions by wearing double gloves,washing hands fter touching patients or contacts wearing spectcles, dressing gown,Safe Blood,Safe protected sex with single condom male or female not double condoms and keeping utmost care while treating or being in touch with these patients is must.Donot avoid them tke only precautions simple precautions will protect .Hepatitis B vaccination is rule,for Hepatitis C no vaccination present take above precautions as stated above.Same is rule for HIV but beside if close contacts unavoidable as relatives new born or health personnel can take preprophylactic ARV AS TRUVADA or after exposure if Direct Blood contact as needle of blood in vein of treating health personnel or person highly infected with high viral load and blood coming out advise for three drug POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS DRUG FOR 28 DAYSif exposure less as blood of less infected person with breach over skin then TEO DRUG PROPHYLAXIS FOR 28 DAYS.
All used itmes by these persons particcularly Blood or body tissue must be burned or deep dug in side earth other as utensils,bed clothes should be washed properly using bleaching powder or phenyke if infected body secretions are spat over these otherwise simple washing is required.
INFECTED PERSON SHOULD NOT DONATE BLOOD OR THEIR ORGAN TO OTHER PERSONS EXCEPT NOW HIV DONATE ORGANS TO HIV PERSONS ONLY,SHOLD TKE PRECAUTIONS IF ANY RAW LEAKED SURFACE OR ULCER INSIDE MOUTH OR GENITILIA THEN FIRST GET IT TREATED BEFORE KISSING OR SEX WITH UNINFECTED PERSON.IF VIRAL LOAD LESS AND GOOD ARV TAKEN THEN CHANCE OF TRANSMISSION IS VERY LOW,SAME WITH HCV,HBV IF MEDICINE TAKEN THEN THESE ARE LESS INFECTIOUS.
IT IS PLEASURE THAT NO DISCRIMINATION OR STIGMA PAID TO THESE PERSONS, MIX WITH THEM ,LIVE WITH THEM SIMPLE PRECUTIONS BY BOTH SIDE PREVENT THESE DEADLY INFECTIONS.
Photo: HIV/AIDS.HEPAITIS B & HEPATITIS C RISK AFTER EXPOSURE TO INFECTED SOURCE ACCIDENTALLY :HOW TO PROTECT ONESELF AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL IT.

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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An exposure can be defined as a percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or with dermatitis) with blood, saliva, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious Exposure incidents might place any time mostly of persons living contact (Family and social members),health personne treating them or accidentally other man coming in contact with different items used by infected persons as razor,blade,handerkerchief,bed,toilet sheet ,common water tub eating or drinking or using their clothes or meeting or talking or hugging or kissing them risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
In this regard it should be clear that hugging,using clothe using toilet sheet shaking hnds,eating or drinking with same glass or plate or using swimming tub or aircooler or room or bed or house or even kissing except very large oozing cut in mouth or skin and persons coming in direct contact with ozing but not old spatted blood of 30 minutes or more blood,semen,vaginal fluid,milk (not transmitting HCV),any body excertion except saliva,sweat or tear(very minimum)never transmit these diseases.TRANSMISSION BY AIR,WATER CONTACT WITH FOOD,CLOTHES,INSECT BITE,ANIMAL BITES NEVER OCCURS EVEN ANIMAL HIV ,HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS DOESNOT AFFECT HUMAN AS IT IS SPECIES SPECIFIC BUT OTHER STDs may transmit.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):Health care workers who have received hepatitis B vaccine and have developed immunity to the virus are at virtually no risk for infection. For an unvaccinated person, the risk from a single needlestick or a cut exposure to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6%–30% and depends on the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the source individual. Individuals who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBeAg positive have more virus in their blood and are more likely to transmit HBV.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV);Based on limited studies, the estimated risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approximately 1.8%. The risk following a blood splash is unknown but is believed to be very small; however, HCV infection from such an exposure has been reported.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV);The average risk for HIV infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HlV-infected blood is 0.3% (about 1 in 300). Stated another way, 99.7% of needlestick/cut exposures to HIV-contaminated blood do not lead to infection.The risk after exposure of the eye, nose, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is estimated to be, on average, 0.1% (1 in 1,000).
The risk after exposure of the skin to HlV-infected blood is estimated to be less than 0.1%. A small amount of blood on intact skin probably poses no risk at all. There have been no documented cases of HIV transmission due to an exposure involving a small amount of blood on intact skin (a few drops of blood on skin for a short period of time). The risk may be higher if the skin is damaged (for example, by a recent cut), if the contact involves a large area of skin, or if the contact is prolonged.
What should be done following an occupational exposure?
Wounds and skin sites that have been in contact with blood or body fluids should be washed with soap and water; mucous membranes should be flushed with water. Immediate evaluation must be performed by a qualified health care professional.
There is no prophlactic medicine for hepatitis B for that precautions by wearing double gloves,washing hands fter touching patients or contacts wearing spectcles, dressing gown,Safe Blood,Safe protected sex with single condom male or female not double condoms and keeping utmost care while treating or being in touch with these patients is must.Donot avoid them tke only precautions simple precautions will protect .Hepatitis B vaccination is rule,for Hepatitis C no vaccination present take above precautions as stated above.Same is rule for HIV but beside if close contacts unavoidable as relatives new born or health personnel can take preprophylactic ARV AS TRUVADA or after exposure if Direct Blood contact as needle of blood in vein of treating health personnel or person highly infected with high viral load and blood coming out advise for three drug POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS DRUG FOR 28 DAYSif exposure less as blood of less infected person with breach over skin then TEO DRUG PROPHYLAXIS FOR 28 DAYS.
All used itmes by these persons particcularly Blood or body tissue must be burned or deep dug in side earth other as utensils,bed clothes should be washed properly using bleaching powder or phenyke if infected body secretions are spat over these otherwise simple washing is required.
INFECTED PERSON SHOULD NOT DONATE BLOOD OR THEIR ORGAN TO OTHER PERSONS EXCEPT NOW HIV DONATE ORGANS TO HIV PERSONS ONLY,SHOLD TKE PRECAUTIONS IF ANY RAW LEAKED SURFACE OR ULCER INSIDE MOUTH OR GENITILIA THEN FIRST GET IT TREATED BEFORE KISSING OR SEX WITH UNINFECTED PERSON.IF VIRAL LOAD LESS AND GOOD ARV TAKEN THEN CHANCE OF TRANSMISSION IS VERY LOW,SAME WITH HCV,HBV IF MEDICINE TAKEN THEN THESE ARE LESS INFECTIOUS.
IT IS PLEASURE THAT NO DISCRIMINATION OR STIGMA PAID TO THESE PERSONS, MIX WITH THEM ,LIVE WITH THEM SIMPLE PRECUTIONS BY BOTH SIDE PREVENT THESE DEADLY INFECTIONS.

HIV /AIDS PATIENTS AND AGING :SCENARIO DIFFERENT IN UK /USA THAN INDIA

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IN INDIA HIV /AIDS MOST PATIENTS ARE YOUNG AS few patients reach in old age above 50 as few continue medicines for very long but still many have cossed 55 by good life style and regular HIV medicines buy in USA By 2015, half of all New Yorkers living with HIV will be over 50 and in 2017, the same will be true of the entire United States.GMHC created social media campaigns directed at older people to address this need. Our “HIV is Ageless” campaign utilized images of men and women over 50 showing this demographic people who look just like them.We know HIV can infect a person at any age and that people over 50 have sex. We must be proactive in talking with our ‘eldersexuals’ about safer sex and the importance of getting tested.”

Medical research indicates that HIV accelerates the aging process. While we are still learning about the impact of anti-retroviral medications on the body, researchers have seen increased liver and kidney problems, higher incidences of cancer, depression, bone loss, frailty and some cognitive impediments among older people living with HIV and AIDS.

Beside awareness among these people for protected sex among themselves of same age or with younger partners use of condom is must beside prep medicine to partner.Following special care they need beside regular medicines with monitoring side effects of medicines or complication of disease.These care mostly provided in developed world but in our country too their good nutrition,psychosocial and working economical rehabilitation and mental support,providing regular medicines looking for BONE,FOOD INTAKE,RESPIRATORY DISEASES,LIVER,KIDNEY,SKIN AND CANCER IS MUST WHICH ARE MORE SEEN AS SIDE EFFECT OF DRUG OR COMPLICATION OF HIV ITSELG IN THIS OLD AGE
Nutrition Education:
GOOD NUTRITION AND EXCERCISE BOOSTUP IMMUNITY SO Certified and trained nutritionists provide counseling and enrollment in the food pantry program. Registered dieticians offer one-on-one counseling for clients who are interested in improving their health and quality of life through proper diet and nutrition.
Wellness Services:
Utilizing a holistic approach to client wellness, the Wellness center offers a variety of free, volunteer-led therapies and services, giving clients access to activities that may be otherwise unobtainable for those living with financial limitations, including yoga, massage therapy and exercise classes.

Mental Health Services:
GMHC provides individual, group and family counseling services to clients over fifty, which are always tailored to the client’s unique presentation of needs, and guided by treatment plans that are collaboratively developed. Common issues addressed by our mental health team involve adjustment to change, depression, anxiety, loss, grief, relationships, addictions and body image/esteem.
Advocacy and Benefits:
GMHC assists seniors daily in navigating their health care benefits and entitlement questions. An entire white paper about resources and needs of this population that is quickly becoming the majority of our HIV + population was written in preparation for this shift in population .

HIV Testing:
GMHC’s Geffen Center provides testing to people over the age of forty-five years, by providing point-of- care HIV rapid tests. Confirmatory tests are provided onsite on the same day preliminary positive results are given. Linkage to care is also initiated as soon as a preliminary positive result is given. Utilizing our Mobile Testing Unit, HIV Testing is offered at a number of NORC’s (Naturally Occurring Communities), and Testing is always available onsite at GMHC’s Center for HIV Prevention.

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