HIV /AIDS INDIAN DATA: HOW MUCH THEY ARE TRUE AND RELAIBLE? DOES FOREINGN COUNTRIES RELIES THEM OR A COVERUP FOR NATIONAL PRIDE ?IS ZERO DISCRIMINATION,ZERO CASES FOR HIV IS POSSIBLE IN INDIA ?

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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On the eve of World AIDS Day, the AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF), the largest US non-profit healthcare provider for HIV/AIDS in the US, questioned the efficacy and the claims of the National HIV policy and India’s celebrated AIDS model . A conference they held on the eve of World AIDS Day looked to provide a reality check on the progress in India towards the UNAIDS slogan – Getting to zero – zero discrimination, zero AIDS related death and zero new infections.Globally, according to the UNAIDS report, 34.0 million people have been estimated to be living with AIDS in 2011 and about half of them do not know their HIV status.In South and South-East Asia, the estimated 270 000 [230 000–340 000] new HIV infections in 2010 is 40 percent less than at the epidemic’s peak in 1996.
In India 2.4 million HIV positive people. It’s estimated that out of these 61% are male, 39% are female and 3.5% are children. As of 2009, the adult prevalence is believed to be 0.31%. Despite, the huge number the prevalence of HIV is low when compared to our today population. On the other hand, HIV epidemic regions like South Africa have over 5 million cases with a prevalence of 18% in adults.
India has reduced new HIV infections by 57% since 2001,The recently released UNAIDS Report 2013 claims that India has managed to reduce new HIV infections by a staggering 57% since 2001. To put this in perspective, in the same time frame, our neighbours Pakistan have seen an eight-fold increase in the number of cases.siiliarly although our infnt mortality rate is higher than srilnka and bangladesh but in HIV CONTROL we are 25% ahead of them. A major reason for this a concerted effort by the Central government to tackle the ailment head on through information dissemination, education and communication. Also there has never been a case of AIDS denialism in India like there was in other epidemic countries which prevented the disease from spreading far and wide.
Drug addicts, men who have sex with men (MSM) and female sex workers are the high risk groups.In India, HIV is mainly concentrated among high risk groups who are 15-30 times more likely to contract HIV than non-high risk groups. The main high risk groups are intravenous drug users, men who have sex with men and female sex workers. HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM) stands at 4.43 percent and for female sex workers (FSW) the figure is recorded at 2.67 percent respectively.Getting treatment for high risk groups is even harder because of the stigma attached to each of the aforementioned activities. Nationally, the prevalence rate for adult female is 0.29 percent, while for male it is 0.43 percent. This means that for every 100 people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHAs), 61 are men and 39 women. Prevalence is also high in the 15-49 age group (88.7 percent of all infections), indicating that AIDS still threatens the cream of society, those in the prime of their working life.

Not enough ART – anti-retroviral therapy: Less than 10% people getting drugs.The reason HIV has become a more manageable disease instead of a death knell is because of something called anti-retroviral therapy in which a cocktail of drugs are given to HIV positive people which helps them manage their condition and prevents HIV from becoming AIDS. In fact, a study in India showed that early treatment not only prevents HIV from becoming AIDS but also lowers the chance of transmitting the virus. This has been observed in HIV discordant couples (one positive, one negative) and also mother-to-child transmission. Sadly, not enough people are getting treatment. India remains one of the countries where less than 10% HIV positive people receive ART and there are frequent cases of drug shortage. In India approximately 40 -59 percent of eligible people were receiving ART at the end of 2011.
Globally, the biggest gain has been made in reducing new HIV infections among children. Half of the global reductions in new HIV infections in the last two years have been among newborn children. The new HIV infections in children have dropped by 24 percent in the last two years.But in india less work has been done in this group and giving ART to pregnant mothers and giving ART to affected childrens.
REASONS WHY HIV /AIDS IS NOT THAT SUCCESSFUL IN INDIA:----
Still need to fight the stigma
The biggest challenge in India after the lack of drugs is the stigma attached to the ailment. When HIV was rife in the US, most people thought it was a disease that afflicted people who had it coming – the homosexuals, the drug users and the sex workers. While this view has changed over time, the stigma issue remains a problem in many parts of the world including India. We keep on coming across news items which talk about HIV positive families being ostracised, or an HIV positive people losing their jobs. It’s been often said that stigma of the ailment makes it much harder to deal with than the ailment itself. We need strict laws to curb anti-HIV discrimination and need to provide sensitisation to people to deal with people who suffer from the condition.Recently LGBT criminalisation and our hard drug control laws put all patiens of HIV under bar,MSM<FSW<DRUG INJECTOTRS where it is high hide it so disease has got large reservoir and opely available escort services,raised economical condition,more brothels and Red light areas,social living relations,open mindness, freedom to live as per choice and sex purchased by money,pressure,liquor or drugs ,pornography and sexual exhibinitism in open uncontrolled net,newspaper, socil midi,TV,Film,Rev parties all increase HIV/AIDS IN VULNERABLE GROUP AND IN AGE GROUP 15-49
For more on HIV/AIDS check out our AIDS section.
This comes in a time when the national body, NACO, claimed to have decreased HIV prevalence from 2.4 million at 0.31% to 2.1 million at 0.27% in the International Conference for AIDS in the Asia Pacific (ICAAP) held in November. The years of 2012 and 2013 saw many incidents of test kit stock out complaints from various community members and District officials in various forums. ‘Are the lower numbers due to lower access of testing facilities due to a decreased faith in the testing centres as a result of the continuous lack of test kits?’ asked AHF India.
Outdated treatment protocols?
According to Dr Nochiketa Mohanty, Country Program Manager, AIDS Healthcare Foundation, India, ’In India, outdated treatment guidelines are followed for people living with HIV on treatment as compared to the latest recommendations by WHO on CD4 count, which could help them fight the disease at a much earlier stage of disease. Not only this, outdated policies and methods of testing are implemented i.e. Serum based testing, which is less accessible, lengthy, requires venipuncture, trained technician & is cumbersome as compared to the implementation of Whole blood finger stick rapid tests, which is recommended by WHO, is more faster, & easy to perform at any place. Many lesser economies like Sierra Leone in Africa have started following these guidelines and have shared their success stories in various international forums. If they can, India definitely can implement these strategies. Is there an effort to decrease testing to find lesser people living with HIV so that a success story of a decreased HIV burden can be shared to the world?’)

Move to a two-test process

‘Developed countries like Australia and many other countries like Vietnam, China and Uganda have changed their national policies from a 3 HIV test policy to a 2 test policy in order to make testing more accessible, less cumbersome, faster as well as economical and also since the specificity and sensitivity of the results were shown to be comparable. Even in India, the Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP) has moved from a 3 test to 2 test policy for sputum smears on similar grounds. The Department of AIDS Control in India needs to learn from these strategies to make testing more accessible especially since more than 40%, based on the earlier estimates of 2.4 Million provided by NACO, are still unidentified’, said Dr Chhim Sarath, Asia Bureau Chief, AIDS Healthcare Foundation.

‘The treatment guidelines for HIV in India are archaic and follow older versions of international guidelines of WHO and CDC recommended prior to 2009 and do not follow the current international recommendations. While WHO recommends early initiation of treatment irrespective of CD4 count and many countries have initiated treatment provision for those with CD4 count below 500, India still recommends waiting till a CD4 count of 350 and lesser to initiate treatment. For pregnant women, it is recommended that treatment be started irrespective of the CD4 count to decrease transmission but there are many instances of pregnant women who are not initiated on treatment since there CD4 count is above 350. There seems to be a greater focus on the economics of putting more people living with HIV on treatment over the larger public health perspective in India’, said Ms Terri Ford, Chief of Global Advocacy, AIDS Healthcare Foundation.

‘Department of AIDS Control, India needs to step up to the modern world instead of holding on to antiquated recommendations for testing and treatment in order to help the world curb the epidemic’, said Mr Michael Weinstein, President, AIDS Healthcare
About AHF.Globlly,NAIDS latest says to achieve universal access to HIV treatment, prevention, care and support by2015, and to maintain it, HIV programme funding needs to be scaled up from US$ 16.6 billion in 2011 to US$ 24 billion in 2015, before declining to US$ 19.8 billion in 2020.

The American Medical Association voted on a resolution that would recommend hospitals ban doctors' iconic white lab coats, citing evidence that the garment contributes to the spread of infection. Indeed, a number of studies have shown that the coats harbor potentially harmful bacteria.

If white coats are so bad, why do doctors still wear them?

Because a white lab coat says "I am a scientific healer." The knee-length coat in medicine crossed over from the laboratory sciences at the turn of the 20[SUP]th[/SUP] century. Before that time, medicine was generally seen as the haphazard province of quacks and frauds, and physicians wore street clothes even in the operating room. As the field developed into a respected branch of applied science in the early 1900s, doctors adopted the costume of the laboratory as a way of bolstering their scientific credibility.

In pre-white-coat times, physicians used primitive tools and techniques and had little formal training. (Medical school could be finished in a year.) Early doctors competed for legitimacy (and patients) with other healing arts like homeopathy and medical eclecticism. But the development of antiseptics and anesthesia, among other things, demonstrated the exceptional power of science to improve health.

Doctors strove to become more scientific, in practice and in dress. The lab coat served both purposes by providing a (supposedly) sterile work environment and soothing patients with its air of scientific authority. The traditional lab coat was beige, but doctors adopted white because the color symbolizes life and purity. (In earlier times, doctors were more likely to wear black, in keeping with the high mortality rates seen at hospitals. The nuns who served as nurses often wore black habits.) By 1915, physicians working in hospitals had for the most part switched from street clothes to white coats and pants.

With their scientific bona fides firmly in place, doctors today are divided on the white-coat question. Supporters say the coat instills docs with a humbling sense of responsibility and puts patients at ease, while detractors see it as an alienating symbol of medical hubris. More than 100 medical schools host "white coat ceremonies" where first-year med students are outfitted with shortened versions of the white coat, and the coats are ubiquitous at large teaching hospitals where they help differentiate between doctors and students.

However, doctors in smaller hospitals and private practice are more likely to wear regular clothes. A recent study suggests that only 1 in 8 doctors actually sport a white coat at work. Perhaps the most ardent supporters of the garment are patients: In one study, 56 percent of those surveyed believed doctors should wear coats, compared with only 24 percent of doctors. (Elderly people tend to be most supportive of the white coat.) Another study found that patients were much more likely to trust a doctor if they were wearing a white coat than if they were in scrubs.

If hospitals followed the AMA resolution and banned the white coat, what would doctors wear? The Scottish National Health Service outlawed white coats and instituted a uniform of color-coded scrubs for all medical personnel. The Mayo Clinic doesn't allow white coats; their doctors wear business attire.

DR.D.R.NAKIPURIA ,SENIOR GASTRO INTEST SPECIALIST & HIV/AIDS CONSULTANT
DR.MRS.RANJU NAKIPURIA,SENIOR GYNAECOLOGIST,OBST & INFERTILITY EXPERT
DR.MAYANK NAKIPURIA ,GENERAL PHYSICIAN.
SHREYA NAKIPURIA MEDICOS –MEDICAL TRAINEE
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DIABETES ; RECENT ADVANCEMENT OF CONTROL & TREATMENT

DR.D.R.NAKIPURIA ,SENIOR GASTRO INTEST SPECIALIST & HIV/AIDS CONSULTANT
DR.MRS.RANJU NAKIPURIA,SENIOR GYNAECOLOGIST,OBST & INFERTILITY EXPERT
DR.MAYANK NAKIPURIA ,GENERAL PHYSICIAN.
drnakipuria@gmail.com, 09434143550,09832025685, 07838059592,09832025033.,
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About 61.3 million people in India suffer from diabetes, and according to estimates,one in every 5 people in India will be diabetic by 2025. Similiary in China The number of Diabetic patients will increase like anything.Diabetes is a metabolic disease which is characterised by high blood sugar levels. It can be caused either due to the lack of insulin (type 1 diabetes) or because the body’s cells fail to respond to the insulin produced (type 2 diabetes). There’s another form of diabetes that afflicts pregnant women called gestational diabetes.
Symptoms:In diabetes,the body is unable to absorb glucose which leads to a host of problems. Here are some of the symptoms that could indicate diabetes:
1.Increase in appetite,Frequent urination,Feeling too thirsty,Loss of weight,Feeling fatigued all day long,Frequent infections,Poor wound healing,High irritability/Depression
,Blurred vision etc.
Our Digestive system breaks down whatever food we eat into glucose.This glucose is absorbed by the blood with the help of a hormone called insulin. Diabetes occurs when the body is not able to produce insulin or is not able to use it effectively. Here are some of the reasons why this happens.
1. Genes:Genes can be responsible for causing both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Having certain combination of genes may increase or decrease the risk of diabetes. If your parents were diabetics, you should be extra careful about your lifestyle.So it runs in family,so if both mother and father diabetic child being diabetic is very high.
2. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells:Sometimes,our own immune system may recognise the beta cells that produce insulin as antigens, and create antibodies to destroy them.Often, diabetes is diagnosed after most of the cells are destroyed and the patient then needs a daily dose of insulin to survive.
3.Lack of physical activity/obesity:Lack of exercise and obesity can be major causes of Type 2 diabetes. An imbalance between calories consumed and calories burned renders our body incapable of absorbing insulin properly. Just 30 minutes of physical activity reduces the chances of you having diabetes by 30 per cent. So, make sure you include activities like walking and cycling in your daily timetable.
4.Age:As a person ages, several parts of his/her body stop functioning at their optimum best. This can lead to diabetes, along with several other ailments.
5. Certain drugs :Certain medicines like nicotinic acid, psychiatric drugs, diuretics, etc. can destroy the beta cells that produce insulin or disrupt insulin absorption.
6.Pancreatic disease or injury:Since the beta cells are present in the pancreas – any injury or diseases like cancer, pancreatitis, etc. can stop beta cells from functioning and ultimately lead to diabetes.
Diagnosis:Diabetes is diagnosed using blood tests, and the three tests used for diagnosing diabetes are:
1.A1C test or glycohaemoglobin test;This test is used for diagnosing Type 2 diabetes. It measures a person’s average blood glucose levels over the past three months.If a person’s A1C level is below 5.7%, it means that he/she is normal. If it is between 5.7 to 6.4%, it indicates prediabetes which may lead to diabetes if appropriate measures are not taken.A person is diagnosed with diabetes if he/she has an A1C level of 5.7% or above.
2.Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test;The Fasting Plasma Glucose test is the most common test used for diagnosing diabetes. It is performed by measuring a person’s blood sugar level, after he/she has fasted for at least 8 hours.If a person has a fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or above, he or she has diabetes. It is advised to repeat the test on another day for confirmation.
3. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT);In an oral glucose tolerance test, a person has to fast for at least 8 hours. After that, he/she has to drink a glass of water mixed with 75g of glucose.If a person’s 2-hour blood glucose-level is between 140 to 180 mg/dL, the person has prediabetes which could lead to diabetes if appropriate measures are not taken. If the blood glucose-level is above 180 mg/dL, then the person is diagnosed with diabetes as this level kidney excerete sugar in urine and urine show sugar and patient is called diabetic below this level sugar not seen in urine of person.
Treatment:Beast way to treat Diabetic is first to control food avoid Glycemic food or food which produce more sugar as sugaar and its product or food under ground like potato,reddish,carrot,beet,sugar cane,rice,apples,grapes etc even hifh fat is changed in to sugar so high fat content or high starch food or high calorie diet lead to more load of high calorie to our gut and as aresult of less Insulin or This food being les utised so high bloodglucose or Diabetes occurs.So food having less gluscose,freen veteables and leafy food should be taken.
If we do excersie this excessive food is burnt so excercise is also good and is second step to control diabetes,mostly pre Diabetic condition is controlled by food and excercise only.If diabetes can’t be controlled with diet, xercise and weight control,ten we take anti-diabetic medications or insulin.Type I diabetes occur only in children and young s and there is lack of Insulin so treatment is only Insulin which is injected either three times or once or twice with long acting insulin.
Most people who have type 2 diabetes start with an oral medicine. Here are some of them:
Drugs that act on your pancreas ;
Sulfonylureas (DiaBeta, Glucotrol, Amaryl, etc.) lower blood glucose levels by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas. These drugs decrease blood sugar rapidly but may cause abnormally low and dangerous levels of blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) leading to mental confusion and even coma. Meglitinides (Prandin, Starlix, etc.) also work on the pancreas to increase insulin secretion. Their effects depend on the level of glucose. Victoza (lyraglutide), an injectable medicine, helps the pancreas make more insulin after eating a meal. It improves blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes when used with a diet and exercise programme.
Drugs that decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver:
Biguanides (Metformin) decrease glucose production by the liver, decrease the absorption of glucose in the intestines and improve the body’s resistance to insulin. It also suppresses hunger, which may be beneficial in diabetics who are overweight.
Drugs that increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin :
Thiazolidinediones (Actos and Avandia) lower blood glucose by increasing the sensitivity of the muscle and fat cells to insulin. These drugs may be taken with metformin and/or a sulfonylurea. They can cause mild liver problems but are reversible with discontinuation of the drug.
Drugs that decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine:
Alpha glucosidase is an enzyme in the small intestine which breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Acarbose is the drug that inhibits this enzyme. Carbohydrates are not broken down as efficiently and glucose absorption is delayed, thus preventing high glucose levels after eating in people with diabetes.
Drugs that slow emptying of the stomach:
Exenatide (Byetta) is a substance like gut hormone (GLP-1) that cannot be easily broken down. It slows stomach emptying, slows the release of glucose from the liver and controls hunger. Administered in the form of an injection, Byetta also causes weight reduction, thus making it particularly suitable for patients with type 2 diabetes who are also overweight. DPP-IV inhibitors (Januvia, Onglyza, Tradjenta), inhibit DPP-IV enzyme from breaking down gut hormone (GLP-1). This allows the hormone already in the blood to circulate longer. They also increase insulin secretion when blood sugars are high and signal the liver to stop producing excess sugar.
Insulin Injections – Insulin is the backbone of treatment for patients with Type 1 diabetes. Insulin is also important in Type 2 diabetes when blood glucose levels cannot be controlled by diet, weight loss, exercise and oral medicines. Different types of insulin are:
1. Rapid-acting insulin – starts working in about 15 minutes and lasts for 3 to 5 hours. There are 3 types of rapid-acting insulin: Insulin lispro, Insulin aspart and Insulin glulisine
2. Short-acting insulin (regular insulin) – starts working in 30 to 60 minutes and lasts 5 to 8 hours.
3. Intermediate-acting insulin (insulin NPH) – starts working in 1 to 3 hours and lasts 12 to 16 hours.
4. Long-acting insulin (insulin glargine and insulin detemir) – starts working in about 1 hour and lasts 20 to 26 hours.
5. Premixed insulin- combination of 2 types of insulin (usually a rapid-acting or short-acting insulin and an intermediate-acting insulin).
Various methods for administering insulin are:
Pre-filled Insulin Pens – This is similar to an ink cartridge in a fountain pen. An insulin cartridge is held by a small pen-sized device. The amount of insulin to be injected is dispensed by turning the bottom of the pen until the required number of units is seen in the dose-viewing window. The tip of the pen consists of a needle that is disposed off with each injection.
Insulin pump – This is the most recently available advance in insulin delivery. It is composed of a pump reservoir similar to that of an insulin cartridge, a battery-operated pump and a computer chip that allows the user to control the exact amount of insulin being delivered. The pump is used for continuous insulin delivery. The amount of insulin is programmed and is administered at a constant rate.
Insulin Inhalers – Inhaled form of insulin is not much in use these days. The insulin is packaged in dry packs which are inserted into an inhalation device. This device allows the insulin to enter a chamber that has a mouth piece. Through this mouth piece the user can inhale the insulin.
Newer injectable injections - Symlin (pramlintide) is an injectable medication for use in diabetes patients treated with insulin but unable to achieve adequate sugar control. Amylin is a hormone synthesised by pancreas and helps control glucose after meals. It is absent or deficient in patients with diabetes. Pramlintide, a synthetic form of human amylin, when used with insulin, can improve sugar control. Symlin reduces blood sugar peaks after meal, reduces glucose fluctuations throughout the day and increases the sensation of fullness (leading to weight loss).
Insulin pills: insulin has been synthesises in tablet form by nano particle and will be absorbed in intestine passing Gastic acid and it is succesful in mice.
Permanant : Either transpnting B-cells of langerhans in Pnacreas a or complete pancreatic transplant to control diabetic in patient undergoing idney replacement due to high diabetes.But process is expesive and and dosenot work well with so many immunosuppresants.
Bariatic Surgery/Obesity Surgery:bariatic surgery bypass food from stomach to intestines so less food absorption and weight loss so daibetes is controlled.
Prognosis/complications:
Diabetes, if uncontrolled can lead to deadly complications.
1. Effect on fat and metabolism (Diabetic ketoacidosis): Since the hormone insulin which breaks down glucose is lacking, in uncontrolled cases, the body starts using fat as the fuel source. While you might think it’s not such a bad idea to lose some fat, what this leads to is build up of by-products of fat digestion called ‘ketones’. If you’re not taking your insulin doses regularly, have fever/diarrhoea/vomiting and/or going through a lot of stress or are an alcoholic, you need to be extra careful about developing this condition called ‘ketoacidosis’. If you develop symptoms like deep gasping breathing, acute pain in the abdomen, bad dehydration leading to weakness and fainting, vomiting, it’s time you take it seriously and contact your doctor.
2. Effect on the eyes (Diabetic retinopathy): Retina (the innermost layer of your eye) is affected by ineffective blood glucose control. The small blood vessels in the retina are damaged and weakened. The early symptom of eye problems related to diabetes is blurred vision and double vision. It can also cause a severe, permanent loss of vision. Diabetes increases the risk of developing cataracts and glaucoma.
3. Effect on kidneys (Diabetic nephropathy): If you notice swelling in your feet and legs or around your eyes, your kidneys might get affected because of the uncontrolled blood sugar levels. If you have hypertension (or high BP), your chances of developing this is even higher.
4. Effect on nerves: Some of the nerves, especially around your peripheries like legs might get affected first leading to a loss of sensation. You might not be able to figure out if you’ve had an injury and it may end up getting infected. Diabetic gangrene (infection of the leg, leading to decay of flesh) can occur and the leg may have to be amputated. Uncontrolled diabetes can also affect nerves that control your heartbeat, blood pressure, digestion, blood flow to organs etc leading to diarrhoea, erectile dysfunction, loss of bladder control, vision changes, and dizziness.
5.Effect on heart: If you are a smoker, have high blood pressure, are grossly overweight and/or have a family history of diabetes and are diagnosed with diabetes, you have a greater risk of developing heart disease, strokes.

HIV MORE SEEN IN GAYS AND LESBIANS AS MOSTLY SAFE AND PROTECTED SEX IS NOT PRACTISED ,SECONDLY IF LESS REPORTING OR CRIMININALITY ATTACHED THEN LGBT COMMUNITY WILL HIDE IT AND SO MSM OR HIJRA OR TRANS GENDER SEX WILL BE HIGH AND RESULTING IN MORE HIV /AIDS,SECONDARILY THIS ANAL SEX LEADS TO INCREASED ANAL CANCER BECAUSE OF HIGH HPV AND HIV INFECTION.HPV HAS BEEN SEN IN VIRGIN FEMALE TOO IF ANAL SEX OR RUBBING OF BODIES BETWEEN INFECTED FEMALES OCCUR ALTHOUGH FEMALE IS VIRGIN ,SO NOWPAP SMEAR TO SEE CERVICAL SCREENING IN VIRGIN FEMALE IS ALSO ADVISED IN UK AND USA AS HPV MAY INFECT VIA ANAL SEX OR TOYS OR BY BODY OR ORAL CONTACT OR SEX.

THERFORE ON ADVICE OF NACO AND LGBT SOCIETY GOVT OF INDIA HAS FILED REAPPEAL TO CURB 377 OR FREE LGBT SOCIETY AND LET THEM TO TAKE AS NORMAL PERSON WITHOUT CRIMINALITY,DISCRIMINATION AND STIGMA

An article in Medical Xpress showed that older HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) are at higher risk of infection from the strains of human papilloma virus (HPV) that cause anal cancer. HPV, which causes cervical cancer in women, also can cause anal cancer in both women and men.
Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Nursing, led by Dorothy J. Wiley, associate professor at UCLA School of Nursing, reviewed data on 1,200 men from four U.S. locations. Participants were examined twice a year for 25 years. During semiannual visits, healthcare providers examined all participants for demographic, sexual, behavioral, and HIV-infection characteristics as well as tested for HPV. Approximately 49 percent of the participants were HIV-infected.
Findings showed that HPV infection was common among the participants, and the proportion of participants with HPV was high among 40-69-year-olds. HIV-infected participants from this same age range had a higher risk of HPV infection than participants not infected with HIV. HIV-infected participants taking antiretrovirals as prescribed had a lower risk of acquiring the HPV infections that cause cancers. Also, not using tobacco lowered the risk of HPV infections for all participants.
Wiley noted that the findings highlight the benefit of adhering to treatment for HIV-infected MSM as a means of cancer prevention. This study also demonstrates the need for developing more effective HPV infection prevention, including vaccination of age-eligible males and screening and treatment for high-risk MSM.
The full report, "Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Strongly and Weakly Carcinogenic and Lower-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in Anal Specimens in a Cohort of Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM),"