Vertical root fractures are often being misdiagnosed or remain unrecognized because of either lack of specific signs and symptoms and/or typical radiographic features. Reaching to a correct diagnosis of the condition, thereby, planning an appropriate treatment becomes a responsibility of a dental practitioner. The clinician must be able to interpret the subjective and objective findings that suggest a ver¬tical root fracture and be able to make a prediction as to the eventual potential of healing. The use of current developments in various disciplines of dentistry has made it possible to treat these fractures more efficiently than before. The long-term prognosis has yet to be proven in those cases where successful outcomes have been claimed. This article reviews various etiologic factors, simulating clinical and radiographic conditions, and an appropriate diagnosis of vertical root fractures along with their treatment modalities.