HIV/AIDS Vulnerability & treatment failures are more in women than men

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Women Are Biologically at Greater Risk Than Their Male Partners for HIV Infection.During sex, the HIV virus is in the semen. HIV-infected semen can be present in the vagina for days after intercourse, putting a woman at risk for a longer period of time. In contrast, a man is at risk during the actual time of intercourse, but, afterwards, he no longer faces the lingering risk experienced by a woman.
Furthermore, a woman's own genital tract immune system can be compromised if she has an STD, making her more vulnerable to HIV infection. During ovulation there may also be an increased window of vulnerability. In addition, women who are pregnant are at increased risk for HIV infection as a result of changes in the genital tract immune system.
The Standard Questions About Partners Are Not Enough.Typically health-care providers will ask about the number of sexual partners a woman has had. However, in many cases, a woman who becomes infected may have had only one or two partners in her life. The issue isn't just the numbers of partners she has had, it is how many partners her husband/partner has had. In high-risk communities, it is important to offer HIV tests to women even though they may have had few partners.
At every stage of the "HIV/AIDS treatment cascade," that is, the stages from knowing they have HIV to reaching an undetectable viral load, more women fall off the treatment cascade sooner and faster than menWomen may adhere less to their treatment than men because of the many other things going on in their lives. Often their HIV treatment may not be highest on their list of priorities. They may be contending with physical, emotional, or sexual violence, or substance abuse may be an issue. Part of the health-care provider's job is to know about these issues and to collaborate with other specialists, such as substance abuse experts, social workers or mental health-care providers..
Why are women so severely affected by STDs? Below are ways STDs impact women differently from men.
A woman’s anatomy can place her at a unique risk for STD infection, compared to a man. The lining of the vagina is thinner and more delicate than the skin on a penis, so it’s easier for bacteria and viruses to penetrate. The vagina also is a good environment (moist) for bacteria to grow.
Women are less likely to have symptoms of common STDs—such as chlamydia and gonorrhea—compared to men. If symptoms do occur, they can go away even though the infection may remain.
Women are more likely to confuse symptoms of an STD for something else. Women often have normal discharge or think that burning/itching is related to a yeast infection. Men usually notice symptoms like discharge because it is unusual.
Women may not see symptoms as easily as men. Genital ulcers (like from herpes or syphilis) can occur in the vagina and may not be easily visible, while men may be more likely to notice sores on their penis.
STDs can lead to serious health complications and affect a woman’s future reproductive plans. Untreated STDs can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which can result in infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia (one of the most common STDs) results in few complications in men.
Women who are pregnant can pass STDs to their babies. Genital herpes, syphilis and HIV can be passed to babies during pregnancy and at delivery. The harmful effects of STDs in babies may include stillbirth (a baby that is born dead), low birth weight (less than five pounds), brain damage, blindness and deafness.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women and is the main cause of cervical cancer. While HPV is also very common in men, most do not develop any serious health problems.
But there's good news:
Women typically see their doctor more often than men. Women should use this time with their doctor as an opportunity to ask for STD testing and not assume STD testing is part of their annual exam. While the Pap test screens for cervical cancer, it is not a good test for other types of cancer or STDs.
There is a vaccine to prevent HPV, and available treatments for other STDs can prevent serious health consequences, such as infertility, if diagnosed and treated early.