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Feb06

Some useful test for various diseases

- ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT, SGPT)

Elevated in: Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, Reye's syndrome), hepatic congestion, infectious mononucleosis, Ml, myocarditis, severe muscle trauma, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, drugs(antibiotics, narcotics, antihypertensive agents, heparin, labetalol,lovastatin, NSAIDs, amiodarone, chlorpromazine, phenytoin), malignancy,renal and pulmonary infarction, convulsions, eclampsia, shock liver.

PHOSPHATASE, ALKALINE; see ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE PHOSPHORUS (serum)

Elevated in:

Renal failure, dehydration, Addison's disease, myelogenous leukemia,

hypervitaminosis D, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, bone

metastases, sarcoidosis, milk-alkali syndrome, immobilization, magnesium

deficiency, transfusions, hemolysis

Decreased in:

Starvation (e.g., alcoholics), DKA, TPN, continuous IV dextrose administration, vitamin D deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, pseudohyperparathyroidism, antacids containing aluminum hydroxide,insulin administration, nasogastric suctioning, vomiting, diuretics,steroids, gram-negative septicemia

SODIUM (serum)

Increased in:

Excess loss of water...

-Conditions that cause loss via gastrointestinal tract (e.g., invomiting), lung (hyperpnea), or skin (e.g., in excessive sweating)

-Conditions that cause diuresis (Diabetes insipidus, Nephrogenicdiabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus, Diuretic drugs, Diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis, Diuresis following relief of urinary tract

obstruction, Hypercalcemic nephropathy, Hypokalemic nephropathy) Excess administration of sodium (iatrogenic), e.g., incorrect replacement following fluid loss.

""Essential"" hypernatremia due to hypothalamic lesions Decreased in (serum osmolality is decreased):

-Dilutional: (e.g., congestive heart failure, nephrosis, cirrhosis with

ascites)

-Sodium depletion: (Loss of body fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating) with incorrect or no therapeutic replacement, diuretic drugs (e.g., thiazides); Adrenocortical insufficiency; Saltlosing

nephropathy; Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone)

-Spurious (serum osmolality is normal or increased): (Hyperlipidemia;

Hyperglycemia (serum sodium decreases 3 mEq/L for every increase of serum glucose of 100 mg/100 ml))

Posted on Monday, 6th February 2012