HIV /AIDS : RARE PERSONS WHO NEVER SHOWS AIDS SYMPTOMS-LONG TIME NON RESPODERS(LNTPs) HAVING VIRUS & CONTACT WITH POSITIVE-THE REASON-WHY?

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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Since,the earliest days of the HIV epidemic, scientists have regularly observed HIV-infected individuals who did not progress to AIDS and were able to maintain stable CD4 counts and low-to-undetectable viral loads without treatment,often for decades and even regular contact with hiv partners.These are about one in 500 and these are called LONG TERM NON RESPONDERS OR LNTPs,theirs study of Gene has given chance to produce a medicine called CCR5 inhibitor-class drug, Selzentry (maraviroc).
Stephen Crohn, "The Man Who Can't Catch AIDS"

Stephen Crohn, who was dubbed "The man who can't catch AIDS" by the U.K's Independent newspaper, was found to have had an anomaly called a "delta 32" mutation on CCR5 receptors of his CD4 cells, the mutation of which effectively prevents HIV from entering target immune cells. Crohn first came to the attention of Dr. Bill Paxton of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in 1996 after tests revealed no signs of infection despite having had multiple sexual partners, all of who died of AIDS. The mutation has since been identified in less than 1% of the population.
These can maintain high CD4/CD8 T cell counts for more than 15 to 20 years without the use of antiretroviral drugs. Within this group is a rarer subset called "elite controllers" who are able to sustain viral loads of less than 50 copies/mL throughout the course of infection. It is estimated that there are 1,500 elite controllers in the U.S.

In studying these groups since the mid-1990s, we have begun identify some of the mechanisms by which viremic control is achieved. Among the discoveries is a genetic mutation in the FUT2 gene, which has been found to occur in 10-20% of Europeans and is believed to confer a protective association against heterosexual HIV infection. The anomaly was first noted in 2000 among a group of female Senegalese sex workers who appeared to have an innate resistance to HIV.
A number of other genetic characteristics have since been identified in LTNPs, including one associated with the production of certain classes of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), known to exert control over HIV INFECTION.
CCR5-delta-32 mutation :
Timothy Ray Brown, also known as "the Berlin Patient," is the first person believed to have been "functionally cured" of HIV.Born in the U.S., Brown was given a bone marrow transplant in 2009 to treat his acute leukemia. Doctors at Charité Hospital in Berlin, Germany selected a stem cell donor with two copies of the CCR5-delta-32 mutation, known to confer to HIV resistance. Routine tests performed soon after the transplant revealed that the HIV antibodies had decreased to such as to suggest the complete eradication of the virus from his system.
While Brown continues to show no signs of HIV, two subsequent stem cell transplants conducted by doctors at Brigham and Women's Hospital failed to achieve similar results, with both patients experiencing viral rebound after 10 and 13 months of undetectable tests. These patients were not transplanted with the Delta 32 mutation, however.
Donor 45:
In 2010, a gay African American man known simply as "Donor 45" was found to possess a powerful HIV neutralizing antibody called VRC01 by researchers at the Vaccine Research Center of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).Subsequent research in 2011 identified two HIV-infected Africans with similar VRC01 antibodies.What was particularly compelling about the discovery was the fact that VRC01 is able to bind to 90% of all global strains of HIV, effectively blocking infection even as the virus mutates. Due the high genetic diversity of HIV, most defensive antibodies are unable to achieve this level of action.
The discovery helped broaden research into the stimulation of broadly neutralizing antibodies, which may one day prevent or slow disease progression without the use of antiretroviral drugs.

HIV /AIDS VIRAL LOAD AND HIV TRANSMISSION RISK

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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HIV /AIDS IS CONTROLLED BY GOOD ARV OR ANTI RETROVIRAL MEDICINES AND AS WE START TTAKING MEDICINES REGULARLY WE FIND THAT OUR HIV QUANTITY IN OUR BODY IS DIMINISHED OR OUR VIRAL LOAD BECOMES LESS AND IT IS BELOW 50COPIES/ML OF BLOOD WE ASSUME THAT OUR VIRUS IN BODY IS VERY LESS AND NOW EVEN IF WE MEET OUR SEX PARTNER WITHOUT CONDOM RISK OF TRANSMISSION TO HIV NEGATIVE PARTNER IS MINIMAL BUT RISK BY BLOOD MIXING IS STILL IN GOOD PERCENTAGE.SO FOR HAVING CHILDREN SEX MAY BE ALLOWED ONCE OR TWICE WITHOUT CONDOM IN SERODISCORDANT (ONEPOSITIVE ANOTHER NEGATIVE) OR BOTH POSITIVES IF BOTH HAVE MINIMAL VIRAL LOAD BUT NOT MUCH SEX WITHOUT CONDOM ALLOWED AS IN BOTH POSITIVE TWO VARIETY OF HIV VIRUS OR GENOYPE MIX AND MAY CAUSE IT RESISTANT TO DRUG IN ONE PARTNER.
HOW MUCH TRUE IS ABOVE STATEMENT IS DEFINED BY STUDY DONE BELOW.
A January 2008 statement by the Swiss Federal AIDS Commission sparked considerable controversy, suggesting that HIV positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy who are fully adherent, maintain an undetectable viral load (below 40 copies/mL) for at least six months, and have no concurrent sexually transmitted infections are "not sexually infectious" (at least via heterosexual vaginal intercourse).

At the Mexico City conference, commission president Pietro Vernazza maintained that under the specific circumstances described, unprotected sex with a person with undetectable viral load carried a risk similar to that of sex using a condom: not 100% safe, but within a "comfortable range." But the risk is not non-existent, given that people on effective therapy may experience occasional transient viral load increases, or "blips," and that HIV may be present in genital and anal secretions even if it is undetectable in the blood.

As described in the July 26, 2008, issue of The Lancet, Australian researchers used a mathematical model to quantify the small transmission risk under the circumstances described in the Swiss statement. Assuming that each couple engaged in 100 sexual acts per year, they calculated the cumulative annual probability of transmission as .22% for female-to-male transmission, .43% for male-to-female transmission, and 4.3% for male-to-male transmission. In a population of 10,000 serodiscordant couples, this would translate to 215 expected instances of female-to-male transmission, 425 instance of male-to-female transmission, and 3,524 instances of male-to-male transmissionabout four times greater than the risk when using condoms.

"Although we agree that effective antiretroviral treatment which leads to undetectable viral load is likely to have a substantial effect on reducing infectiousness," the researchers concluded, "our analyses suggest that it should not replace condoms."

HIV/AIDS.HEPAITIS B & HEPATITIS C RISK AFTER EXPOSURE TO INFECTED SOURCE ACCIDENTALLY :HOW TO PROTECT ONESELF AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL IT.

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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An exposure can be defined as a percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or with dermatitis) with blood, saliva, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious Exposure incidents might place any time mostly of persons living contact (Family and social members),health personne treating them or accidentally other man coming in contact with different items used by infected persons as razor,blade,handerkerchief,bed,toilet sheet ,common water tub eating or drinking or using their clothes or meeting or talking or hugging or kissing them risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
In this regard it should be clear that hugging,using clothe using toilet sheet shaking hnds,eating or drinking with same glass or plate or using swimming tub or aircooler or room or bed or house or even kissing except very large oozing cut in mouth or skin and persons coming in direct contact with ozing but not old spatted blood of 30 minutes or more blood,semen,vaginal fluid,milk (not transmitting HCV),any body excertion except saliva,sweat or tear(very minimum)never transmit these diseases.TRANSMISSION BY AIR,WATER CONTACT WITH FOOD,CLOTHES,INSECT BITE,ANIMAL BITES NEVER OCCURS EVEN ANIMAL HIV ,HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS DOESNOT AFFECT HUMAN AS IT IS SPECIES SPECIFIC BUT OTHER STDs may transmit.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):Health care workers who have received hepatitis B vaccine and have developed immunity to the virus are at virtually no risk for infection. For an unvaccinated person, the risk from a single needlestick or a cut exposure to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6%–30% and depends on the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the source individual. Individuals who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBeAg positive have more virus in their blood and are more likely to transmit HBV.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV);Based on limited studies, the estimated risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approximately 1.8%. The risk following a blood splash is unknown but is believed to be very small; however, HCV infection from such an exposure has been reported.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV);The average risk for HIV infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HlV-infected blood is 0.3% (about 1 in 300). Stated another way, 99.7% of needlestick/cut exposures to HIV-contaminated blood do not lead to infection.The risk after exposure of the eye, nose, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is estimated to be, on average, 0.1% (1 in 1,000).
The risk after exposure of the skin to HlV-infected blood is estimated to be less than 0.1%. A small amount of blood on intact skin probably poses no risk at all. There have been no documented cases of HIV transmission due to an exposure involving a small amount of blood on intact skin (a few drops of blood on skin for a short period of time). The risk may be higher if the skin is damaged (for example, by a recent cut), if the contact involves a large area of skin, or if the contact is prolonged.
What should be done following an occupational exposure?
Wounds and skin sites that have been in contact with blood or body fluids should be washed with soap and water; mucous membranes should be flushed with water. Immediate evaluation must be performed by a qualified health care professional.
There is no prophlactic medicine for hepatitis B for that precautions by wearing double gloves,washing hands fter touching patients or contacts wearing spectcles, dressing gown,Safe Blood,Safe protected sex with single condom male or female not double condoms and keeping utmost care while treating or being in touch with these patients is must.Donot avoid them tke only precautions simple precautions will protect .Hepatitis B vaccination is rule,for Hepatitis C no vaccination present take above precautions as stated above.Same is rule for HIV but beside if close contacts unavoidable as relatives new born or health personnel can take preprophylactic ARV AS TRUVADA or after exposure if Direct Blood contact as needle of blood in vein of treating health personnel or person highly infected with high viral load and blood coming out advise for three drug POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS DRUG FOR 28 DAYSif exposure less as blood of less infected person with breach over skin then TEO DRUG PROPHYLAXIS FOR 28 DAYS.
All used itmes by these persons particcularly Blood or body tissue must be burned or deep dug in side earth other as utensils,bed clothes should be washed properly using bleaching powder or phenyke if infected body secretions are spat over these otherwise simple washing is required.
INFECTED PERSON SHOULD NOT DONATE BLOOD OR THEIR ORGAN TO OTHER PERSONS EXCEPT NOW HIV DONATE ORGANS TO HIV PERSONS ONLY,SHOLD TKE PRECAUTIONS IF ANY RAW LEAKED SURFACE OR ULCER INSIDE MOUTH OR GENITILIA THEN FIRST GET IT TREATED BEFORE KISSING OR SEX WITH UNINFECTED PERSON.IF VIRAL LOAD LESS AND GOOD ARV TAKEN THEN CHANCE OF TRANSMISSION IS VERY LOW,SAME WITH HCV,HBV IF MEDICINE TAKEN THEN THESE ARE LESS INFECTIOUS.
IT IS PLEASURE THAT NO DISCRIMINATION OR STIGMA PAID TO THESE PERSONS, MIX WITH THEM ,LIVE WITH THEM SIMPLE PRECUTIONS BY BOTH SIDE PREVENT THESE DEADLY INFECTIONS.
Photo: HIV/AIDS.HEPAITIS B & HEPATITIS C RISK AFTER EXPOSURE TO INFECTED SOURCE ACCIDENTALLY :HOW TO PROTECT ONESELF AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL IT.

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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An exposure can be defined as a percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or with dermatitis) with blood, saliva, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious Exposure incidents might place any time mostly of persons living contact (Family and social members),health personne treating them or accidentally other man coming in contact with different items used by infected persons as razor,blade,handerkerchief,bed,toilet sheet ,common water tub eating or drinking or using their clothes or meeting or talking or hugging or kissing them risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
In this regard it should be clear that hugging,using clothe using toilet sheet shaking hnds,eating or drinking with same glass or plate or using swimming tub or aircooler or room or bed or house or even kissing except very large oozing cut in mouth or skin and persons coming in direct contact with ozing but not old spatted blood of 30 minutes or more blood,semen,vaginal fluid,milk (not transmitting HCV),any body excertion except saliva,sweat or tear(very minimum)never transmit these diseases.TRANSMISSION BY AIR,WATER CONTACT WITH FOOD,CLOTHES,INSECT BITE,ANIMAL BITES NEVER OCCURS EVEN ANIMAL HIV ,HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS DOESNOT AFFECT HUMAN AS IT IS SPECIES SPECIFIC BUT OTHER STDs may transmit.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):Health care workers who have received hepatitis B vaccine and have developed immunity to the virus are at virtually no risk for infection. For an unvaccinated person, the risk from a single needlestick or a cut exposure to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6%–30% and depends on the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the source individual. Individuals who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBeAg positive have more virus in their blood and are more likely to transmit HBV.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV);Based on limited studies, the estimated risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approximately 1.8%. The risk following a blood splash is unknown but is believed to be very small; however, HCV infection from such an exposure has been reported.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV);The average risk for HIV infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HlV-infected blood is 0.3% (about 1 in 300). Stated another way, 99.7% of needlestick/cut exposures to HIV-contaminated blood do not lead to infection.The risk after exposure of the eye, nose, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is estimated to be, on average, 0.1% (1 in 1,000).
The risk after exposure of the skin to HlV-infected blood is estimated to be less than 0.1%. A small amount of blood on intact skin probably poses no risk at all. There have been no documented cases of HIV transmission due to an exposure involving a small amount of blood on intact skin (a few drops of blood on skin for a short period of time). The risk may be higher if the skin is damaged (for example, by a recent cut), if the contact involves a large area of skin, or if the contact is prolonged.
What should be done following an occupational exposure?
Wounds and skin sites that have been in contact with blood or body fluids should be washed with soap and water; mucous membranes should be flushed with water. Immediate evaluation must be performed by a qualified health care professional.
There is no prophlactic medicine for hepatitis B for that precautions by wearing double gloves,washing hands fter touching patients or contacts wearing spectcles, dressing gown,Safe Blood,Safe protected sex with single condom male or female not double condoms and keeping utmost care while treating or being in touch with these patients is must.Donot avoid them tke only precautions simple precautions will protect .Hepatitis B vaccination is rule,for Hepatitis C no vaccination present take above precautions as stated above.Same is rule for HIV but beside if close contacts unavoidable as relatives new born or health personnel can take preprophylactic ARV AS TRUVADA or after exposure if Direct Blood contact as needle of blood in vein of treating health personnel or person highly infected with high viral load and blood coming out advise for three drug POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS DRUG FOR 28 DAYSif exposure less as blood of less infected person with breach over skin then TEO DRUG PROPHYLAXIS FOR 28 DAYS.
All used itmes by these persons particcularly Blood or body tissue must be burned or deep dug in side earth other as utensils,bed clothes should be washed properly using bleaching powder or phenyke if infected body secretions are spat over these otherwise simple washing is required.
INFECTED PERSON SHOULD NOT DONATE BLOOD OR THEIR ORGAN TO OTHER PERSONS EXCEPT NOW HIV DONATE ORGANS TO HIV PERSONS ONLY,SHOLD TKE PRECAUTIONS IF ANY RAW LEAKED SURFACE OR ULCER INSIDE MOUTH OR GENITILIA THEN FIRST GET IT TREATED BEFORE KISSING OR SEX WITH UNINFECTED PERSON.IF VIRAL LOAD LESS AND GOOD ARV TAKEN THEN CHANCE OF TRANSMISSION IS VERY LOW,SAME WITH HCV,HBV IF MEDICINE TAKEN THEN THESE ARE LESS INFECTIOUS.
IT IS PLEASURE THAT NO DISCRIMINATION OR STIGMA PAID TO THESE PERSONS, MIX WITH THEM ,LIVE WITH THEM SIMPLE PRECUTIONS BY BOTH SIDE PREVENT THESE DEADLY INFECTIONS.