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HIV /AIDS TRANSMISSION ---HOW IT COMES AND SPREAD IN HUMAN BODY
HIV /AIDS TRANSMISSION ---HOW IT COMES AND SPREAD IN HUMAN BODY

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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This report provides a synthesis of the current scientific evidence on the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with sexual activities, injection and other drug use, and mother-to-child (vertical) transmission.
Sexual transmission of HIV;
Although there are challenges in quantifying risk by sex act, all studies consistently reported that anal intercourse is a higher risk act than vaginal intercourse, which in turn is a higher risk act than oral intercourse. There is also an increased risk associated with receptive intercourse (both vaginal and anal) compared with insertive intercourse(by penis).Vibrator if used immediately by two three sex performer Hiv positive and if blood or excessive secretion then only spread old used vibrator doesnot as dry up blood or secretions kill HIV.
The risk estimates for the sexual transmission of HIV, per sex act, range widely, from 0.5% to 3.38% (with mid-range estimates of 1.4% to 1.69%) for receptive anal intercourse; 0.06% to 0.16% for insertive anal intercourse; 0.08% to 0.19% for receptive vaginal intercourse (i.e., male-to-female); and approximately 0.05% to 0.1% for insertive vaginal intercourse (i.e., female-to-male). The risk of transmission from unprotected oral intercourse (whether penile-oral or vaginal-oral) is markedly lower than for anal or vaginal intercourse, and findings suggest a low but non-zero transmission probability. The risk of transmission to the receptive partner increases with ejaculation and the presence of oral ulcers and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the oropharynx or inside vagina or anuspresent as it cuase more rupture of mucosa so more blood contact or deeper penetration.
The strongest predictor of HIV sexual transmission is plasma viral load. As plasma viral load increases, the risk of transmission also increases. So if person tkes ARV AND VIRAL LOAD LESS TRANSMISSION IS LOW.
The presence of a concomitant STI has also been found to affect HIV transmission. STIs increase susceptibility to HIV by a factor of 2 to 4 and increase transmissibility 2 to 3 times.Male circumcision decreases the risk of female-to-male sexual transmission of HIV by 50% to 60%. However, there is little epidemiological evidence to suggest that circumcision reduces the risk of transmission to female partners of circumcised men or is effective in the prevention of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM).
HIV transmission among people who use drugs:
For people who inject drugs, the risk of transmission per injection from a contaminated needle has been estimated to be between 0.7% and 0.8%. However, studies of contact with improperly discarded needles outside of the healthcare setting suggest that such exposures represent a low risk for HIV transmission, likely due to the low viability of the virus outside the body.So old used razor blade or toilet sheet covered with old or or 30 minutes or more dry up secretion or blood doesnot transmit it and not on intact skin even blood mixed in water tub.Good volume of blood and that of highly infected person and direct contact is important for transmission SO BLOOD TRANSFUSION OF HIV POSITIVE TO HIV NEGATIVE CAUSE 100% TRANSMISSION.
People using non-injection drugs are also at risk of HIV infection. Drug OR EVEN ALCOHOL EXCESSIVE use can alter sexual behaviours by increasing risk taking. In addition, several drugs have been reported to be independent risk factors for HIV transmission.
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV:
In the absence of any preventive intervention, for example, highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), mother-to-child transmission (also known as “vertical” transmission) ranges from about 15% to 45% depending on whether breastfeeding alternatives are available. As with other modes of transmission, maternal plasma viral load has been consistently associated with the risk of vertical transmission. Since HAART, which is used to suppress viral replication, was introduced in 1997, the rate of mother-to-child transmission has dropped dramatically in Canada.

Beyond viral load, there are several factors associated with an increased risk of vertical transmission. Concurrent STIs and co-infection with either hepatitis C or active tuberculosis increase the risk of vertical transmission. While mode of delivery was once found to be associated with vertical transmission, since the introduction of HAART, studies indicate that there are probably no additional benefits to elective caesarean section for women with low viral loads.Obstetric events, including prolonged rupture of membranes and intrapartum use of fetal scalp electrodes or fetal scalp pH sampling, have been found to increase the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV.
Mother-to-child HIV transmission can also occur through breastfeeding. The probability of transmission of HIV through breastfeeding is in the range of 9% to 16%. Co-factors that are associated with risk of transmission from breastfeeding include duration and pattern of breastfeeding, maternal breast health, and high plasma or breast milk viral load.

HIV IS NOT SPREAD BY HUGGING SHAKING HANDS,USING CLOTH BED DRINKING EATING SHARING FOOD WATER AIR ,SALIVA,TEAR(VERY LESS)WITH HIV PATIENTS.ANY SECRETIONS OR BLOOD DRIED OR BEING EXPOSED MORE THAN 30 MINUTES ON RAZOR,BLADE ,HANDERCHIEF,TOOTH BRUSH,WATER TUB ,UTENSILS DOESNOT TRANSMIT AS VIRUS IS KILLED DIRECT CONTACT OF VAGINAL,SEMEN ,BODY FLUID OR BLOOD WITH BLOOD OR BREACHED SKIN OR MUCOSA MEMBRANE TRANSMIT IT.MULTIPLE PARTNERS ,HIGH VIRAL LOAD USUALLY TRANSMIT IT NOT SINGLE PARTNER MIXING ,LOW VIRAL LOAD ,KISSING HAVING NO LEAKED SKIN,MUCOSA USUALLY NOT TRANSMIT IT,USE OF CONDOM IS MUST AS IT PREVENT DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER STDS AND MIXING OF MORE GENOTYPES OR STRAIN OF HIV SO MAKING IT EASIER TO TREAT.
IF ARV GIVEN TO MOTHER OR INFECTED CHILD OR PROPHYLAXIS TO CLOSE CONTACT OR HEALTH PERSONNEL ITS TANSMISSION IS MORE EASILY CONTROLLED.

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NACO ,HEALTH MINISTRY & STAFF OF SACS,NACO,NRHM,RNCTC
NACO ,HEALTH MINISTRY & STAFF OF SACS,NACO,NRHM,RNCTC

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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In this such developed nation list where our government spent crores the Plight of Contractual Employees of Health Sector of India , who are working on Meager Salaries , from the last 5-25 Years , in NACO, NRHM, RNTCP etc government giant welfare government health programmes is well known.
Surprisingly,It is a matter of great Pity that Health sector Employees of India are still working on Contract basis at the Grass Level throughout India on Various Positions , on meager salaries , from the Last 5-25 Years ,without having any Medical Facilities/Benefits, D.A ,HRA & Other Allowances like Health & Risk allowances & Govt. of India has totally failed in considering their long pending demands of Regularization of their Jobs. This is all because Govt. of India , Health Ministry,Central Govt. at the Centre & the Corrupt & Selfish Bureaucrats in the concerned Health Ministry , lacks the necessary Will & Willpower ,to regularize these Contractual Employees Permanently , although there is no Deficit of any Revenue & Necessary Budgetary allocations to Health sector of Govt., Of India.Central Govt. is totally Anti-People & Anti- Employee & all its Ministers & Selfish Bureaucrats are very adamant & reluctant to accept the genuine demands of Contractual Employees of Health Sector of India till today. The Formula of Equal Work & Equal Pay must have been implemented for Contractual Employees in Health Sector of India ,But the Present Gov.has adopted divisive ,Discriminatory & Stigmatic policy towards Contractual Health Sector Employees.They donot consider equality at all and see these employee as second class and treat them below the other staff in Health sector and senior officers.

It is a fact that Contractual Employees of National AIDS Control Organization under DAC( Ministry of Health & Family welfare ),Govt. of India (as NACO Programme has been implemented throughout India from the last 10 Years,NRHM,RNTCP RUNNING SINCE LAST FEW YEARS) serve to the needs of all HIV /AIDS,TB,HEPATITIS ,STDs AND OTHER SERIOUS PATIENTS WITH OPPURTUNISTIC INFECTIONS Patients in various ART Centers ,throughout the entire Length & Breadth of this Country.Apart from the ART Centers,LINKED ART CENTRES Various ICTC Centers,STDs centres,BLOOD BANKS,ANTENATAL CENTRES,NRHM,RNTCP etc. have been functioning in various Civil Hospitals ,Govt. Medical Colleges, Medical Research Institutes & Various Centre of Excellence in various states of India. But the Employees working in these ART Centers ,ICTC Centre’s, Concerned All SACS,EMPLOYEES OF NRH,RNTCP AND OTHER HEALTH PROGRAMMES OF GOVT,Employees in various States at the facility level/Grass Root level,from the last 5-10 years ,are still working on meager salaries on contract basis without any Medical Benefits/ Insurance Benefits , HRA, D.A & Other Risk Allowances ,even in a very High Risk Environment , of getting infected with HIV,IDS,HEPATITIS,STDS,TB OR OTHER SERIOUS DISEASE INFECTION just TO SERVE SUCH SERIOUS PATIENTS,even though NACP-IV has already started from the last year.But the Bureaucrats ,All Officers & Higher authorities of NACO have increased their Salaries to a very high Level,without considering the Increase of Salaries of the Senior or Junior Employees who have been working on various Positions at the Grass root level/ Facility Level in All ART Centre’s, ICTC Centers, Various SACS etc. It is morally & Ethically applicble, that the Salaries of Senior and Junior Employees at the grass root level/Facility level should have been increased to a High level as many administrative Bureaucrats and senior monitoring and Regulatory Doctors and other officials did in NACP-IV.But instead ,the Govt. of India has again adopted here divisive & Discriminatory policy for Grass-root Level Employees butr they have increased the salaries of Higher officials , who have to do nothing concrete just supervision,always sit in aircondition rooms,enjoying seminars in big hotels in India and abroad with free air journey of family members and visit to foreign countries,so many senior bureaucraats join NACO TO AVAIL SUCH FACILITIES AND REMAIN HERE ONG TO GET GOOD ENJOYMENT OF NOT ONLY OF THEM BUT THEIR WHOLE FAMILY ,enjoying with Bolywood stars in name of HIV/AIDS AWARENESS. This NACO programme is becoming successful only because of Employees working at the grass-root/facility level & not because of higher officials.Why NACO is not considering seriously to recruit Manpower at the grass –root Level/Facility level,where work load is increasing day by day,Instead they are wasting the Precious Money of the Public in increasing the posts at the supervision & Higher Levels ,who have to do nothing concrete, rather they are becoming burden for the NACO. Although Representation has already been given to the Higher NACO Authorities regarding the Genuine Long Pending Genuine Demands of contractual NACO Employees by The All India AIDS Control Employees Association many a times ,but nothing concrete decision has been taken by theHealth Minister & NACO Authorities . Rather they are just following the dilly dallying Policies. If the Govt. fails to listen to the voice & genuine Demands of the Contractual Employees , then the Employees will not have any way,rather to go in for Strike/Protest ,against the unwilling & Reluctant higher Authorities, till their Genuine demands are accepted as being observed at JANTAR MNTAR,AND AT DIFFERENT SAC'S OFFICES IN VARIOUS PART OF COUNTRY,FEW EMPLOYEES ARE SERIOUS TOO BUT OUR GOVERNMENT IS DEAF AND DUMB HARDLY CAREFUL TO LISTEN TO THEM FORCING THEM TO GHERAO GOVERNMENT OFFICES AND HOUSE OF BIG POLITICIANS IN COMING DAYS.

Un-availability of All Basic Medicines/ Clinical Medicines, Anti Cancer Medicines free of cost to the needy poor patients --- It is a great Blunder that Govt. of India is still not thinking seriously to provide All basic Medicines/ Clinical medicines/ Anti -cancer medicines free of cost to the needy poor patients in all Civil Hospitals/Civil Dispensaries/ Medical Colleges/ PGIMER etc . About 40-60% of the Income of Common man is spent on his/her health care needs here in India. How will he survive if such a large amount of their income gets wasted on keeping them healthy, for purchasing medicines ,because these medicines are not available free of cost in Govt. Hospitals. It is the Moral Duty of the Govt. of India to Provide free of cost healthcare to all Indian Citizens, especially Poor Needy patients & also as per the suggestion of W.H.O.

For All Indian Citizens & N.R.I of India---I Think , If I am not wrong , all the concerned Citizens of the India & N.R.Is , should raise their voice & support the cause of Poor patients & To put Pressure On the Central Govt. to make ensure the availability of All Basic Medicines/ Clinical Medicines/ Anti-Cancer Medicines in all Govt. Hospitals free of cost ,in the Interest of Poor & Needy Patients & Also should support whole heatedly the cause of Contractual Employees working in Health Sector in India & to Press for their Regularization in the larger interest of patients & Society at large.

Emergency Alert—If the Present Congress Govt. at the Centre failed to solve the above stated Problems till today , than that day will not be too far , when the common man of this country will not excuse them for their faults/ Non-Governance, Anti- People & Anti-Employee Policies & they will raise their voice to change the existing corrupt, Reluctant & unwilling system & will definitely find an alternative honest Political Party & Subsequently Honest & People Friendly Govt. at the Centre ,who will whole Heartedly cater to their genuine demands & needs in the Near Future & also will opt for that Govt. , Who will provide All Basic Medicines/ Anti-Cancer Medicines/ Clinical Medicines free of cost to the suffering & Poor Patients community at large.

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LIFE SAVING MEDICINES NOT IN HOSPITALS-DOES OUR GOVT LISTENS?
LIFE SAVING MEDICINES NOT IN HOSPITALS-DOES OUR GOVT LISTENS?

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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Un-availability of All Basic Medicines/ Clinical Medicines, Anti Cancer Medicines free of cost to the needy poor patients --- It is a serious situation that Govt. of India is still not thinking seriously to provide All basic Medicines/ Clinical medicines/ Anti -cancer medicines free of cost to the needy poor patients in all Civil Hospitals/Civil Dispensaries/ Medical Colleges/ PGIMER etc . About 40-60% of the Income of Common man is spent on his/her health care needs here in India. How will he survive if such a large amount of their income gets wasted on keeping them healthy, for purchasing medicines ,because these medicines are not available free of cost in Govt. Hospitals. It is the Moral Duty of the Govt. of India to Provide free of cost healthcare to all Indian Citizens, especially Poor Needy patients & also as per the suggestion of W.H.O.

For All Indian Citizens & N.R.I of India---I Think , If I am not wrong , all the concerned Citizens of the India & N.R.Is , should raise their voice & support the cause of Poor patients & To put Pressure On the Central Govt. to make ensure the availability of All Basic Medicines/ Clinical Medicines/ Anti-Cancer Medicines in all Govt. Hospitals free of cost ,in the Interest of Poor & Needy Patients & Also should support whole heartedly the cause of Contractual Employees working in Health Sector in India & to Press for their Regularization in the larger interest of patients & Society at large.

Emergency Alert—If the Present Govt. at the Centre and different state Governments in different states failed to solve the above stated Problems till today , than that day will not be too far,when the common man of this country will not excuse them for their faults/ Non-Governance, Anti- People & Anti-Employee Policies & they will raise their voice to change the existing corrupt, Reluctant & unwilling system & will definitely find an alternative honest Political Party & Subsequently Honest & People Friendly Govt. at the Centre and Sttes ,who will whole Heartedly cater to their genuine demands & needs in the Near Future & also will opt for that Govt. , Who will provide All Basic Medicines/ Anti-Cancer Medicines/ Clinical Medicines free of cost to the suffering & Poor Patients community at large.

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HIV /AIDS LIFE EXPECTANCY : FACTORS GOVERNING LIFE OF AIDS PATIENTS
HIV /AIDS LIFE EXPECTANCY : FACTORS GOVERNING LIFE OF AIDS PATIENTS

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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Factors that influence life expectancy are generally considered either static (or fixed) or dynamic (able to change or fluctuate over a short period of time).

Static factors, like race or sexual orientation, influence life expectancy not so much because a person is either white or African American,African,Indian or from any where or identifies as gay or heterosexual. Rather, longevity is associated with a multitude of risk factors within these specific population groups.

For instance, high levels of poverty in African American communities (24.9%),African indian poor patients and the consequential lack of access to healthcare negatively impacts the survival rate when compared to white population. Conversely, stigma reduction and access to community-specific HIV care may be contribute to the higher survival rates among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Dynamic factors, on the hand, generally have very strong causal effects insofar as survival time is concerned. Some of these, like treatment adherence, relate specifically to the preservation or deterioration of a person's immune function. Others, like smoking, contribute to the premature development of non-HIV-related comorbidities, such lung cancer. Still others, like injection drug use, are affected both fronts—both behavioral vulnerability and a person's vulnerability to infection.

CD4 count at the time of cART initiation remains one of the strongest indicators of life expectancy. Starting therapy at a CD4 count below 350 cells/ µL correlates to a quantitative reduction in life-years. Simply put, as the CD4 continues to dip beneath the 350 threshold, so, too, does life expectancy—by as much as 22 years, according to an analysis of the NA-ACCORD study data.

HIV-infected smokers lose more life-years to smoking than to HIV, say researchers from Department of Infectious Diseases at the University at Copenhagen. In fact, the risk of death from smoking is twice as high among smokers with HIV than those without. When compared to non-smoking people with HIV, smokers with HIV trim as much as 12 years from their lives, reducing life expectancy to just under 63 years.

Race and HIV longevity are integrally linked. Quite simply, HIV-positive non-whites live, on average, 8.5 year less than their white counterparts. That's a 15% difference, with the lowest life expectancy seen among African-Americans.

Injection drug users (IDUs) suffer from substantially increased mortality, both in terms of HIV-related infections and non-HIV-related comorbidities (like liver cancer). According to a collaborative cohort study of 6,269 IDUs in North America and Europe, the strongest contributing factors to lower life expectancy rates were treatment adherence and hepatitis C (HCV) co-infections. All told, life expectancy for IDUs is 20 (or more) years less than all other HIV groups.
Meanwhile, most research indicates that gender has no impact whatsoever on either disease progression or mortality. Moreover, white MSM are seen to have among the longest life expectancy of all HIV groups.
IN BRIEF IF TREATMENT STARTED SOON NOT BELOW 350 AS IN INDIA WITH GOOD ARV DRUGS HAVING LESS SIDE EFFECTS NOT AS IN INDIA ART CENTRES WHERE ONLY STAVUDINE NOT GIVEN BUT ZIDUVUDINE AND LAMOVUDINE AND NEVIRAPINE STILL USED EVEN PROTEASE INHIBITOR LIKE RALETAGIVIR, ATZANIVIR, INDIVINAVIR,LACKING MODERN INHIBITOR AND RECEPTOR BLOCKERS NOT USED BUT STILL REGUAR TREATMENT,GOOD ADHERANCE,A GOOD LIFE STYLE WITHOUT ADDICTION OF MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS,DEVOID OF ALCOHOL,DRUGS AND CIGARETTE WITH GOOD DIET,NUTRITION AND TAKING PREVENTION FROM UNNECSSARY COLD HEAT,TRAUMA,PERSONAL FOOD AND WATER HYGEINE ALL LEADS TO GOOD SURVIVAL .PREVENTING IMMUNISATION WITH PREVENTIVE PROPHYLAXIS OF SOME INVECTION LIKE PNEUMONIA,DIARRHOEA,TOXOPLASMA ETC AND ERALY CHECK UP FOR OPPUTUNISTIC INFECTIONS ETC ALL LEADS TO GOOD SURVIVAL.
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HIV / AIDS RESEARCH : PATIENTS BEING CURED BY COW'S MILK
HIV / AIDS RESEARCH : PATIENTS BEING CURED BY COW'S MILK

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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Melbourne researchers have developed cows’ milk that protects human cells from HIV.The milk contains antibodies which defend against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).The next step will be to develop it into a cream which women can apply to protect themselves from contracting HIV from sexual partners.
Melbourne University’s Dr Marit Kramski and colleagues found that using cows to produce HIV-inhibiting antibodies is cheaper than existing methods.They worked with Australian biotechnology company Immuron Ltd to develop the milk. The scientists vaccinated pregnant cows with an HIV protein and studied the first milk that cows produced after giving birth.

The first milk, called the colostrum, is naturally packed with antibodies to protect the newborn calf from infections. The vaccinated cows produced HIV antibodies in their milk.“We were able to harvest antibodies specific to the HIV surface protein from the milk,” said Marit, who is presenting her research this week as one of the winners of Fresh Science — a national program for early-career scientists.“We have tested these antibodies and found in our laboratory experiments that they bind to HIV and that this inhibits the virus from infecting and entering human cells,” she said.Cows cannot contract HIV. But their immune systems develop antibodies against the foreign protein.

The HIV-inhibiting antibodies from cows’ milk will be developed into a cream called a microbicide that is applied into the vagina before and /or after sex to protect women from contracting sexually transmitted infections. Other microbicides are being developed around the world but the antibodies in this research are easier and cheaper to produce, providing a new HIV-prevention strategy.

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